We analyse generosity, second-party (‘spiteful’) punishment (2PP), and third-party (‘altruistic’) punishment (3PP) in a cross-cultural experimental economics project. We show that smaller societies are less generous in the Dictator Game but no less prone to 2PP in the Ultimatum Game. We might assume people everywhere would be more willing to punish someone who hurt them directly (2PP) than someone who hurt an anonymous third person (3PP). While this is true of small societies, people in large societies are actually more likely to engage in 3PP than 2PP. Strong reciprocity, including generous offers and 3PP, exists mostly in large, complex societies that face numerous challenging collective action problems. We argue that ‘spiteful’ 2PP, motivated by the basic emotion of anger, is more universal than 3PP and sufficient to explain the origins of human cooperation.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences cover image

22 July 2011

Volume 278Issue 1715

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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2342
PubMed:21159680
Published by:Royal Society
Print ISSN:0962-8452
Online ISSN:1471-2954

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Manuscript received27/10/2010
Manuscript accepted25/11/2010
Published online15/12/2010
Published in print22/07/2011

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