Skip main navigationJournal menuClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Skip main navigationJournal menuClose Drawer MenuOpen Drawer Menu
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
Restricted access

High-temperature creep rupture of low alloy ferritic steel butt-welded pipes subjected to combined internal pressure and end loadings

Published:28 September 2005https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1583

    Abstract

    Constitutive equations are reviewed and presented for low alloy ferritic steels which undergo creep deformation and damage at high temperatures; and, a thermodynamic framework is provided for the deformation rate potentials used in the equations. Finite element continuum damage mechanics studies have been carried out using these constitutive equations on butt-welded low alloy ferritic steel pipes subjected to combined internal pressure and axial loads at 590 and 620 °C. Two dominant modes of failure have been identified: firstly, fusion boundary failure at high stresses; and, secondly, Type IV failure at low stresses. The stress level at which the switch in failure mechanism takes place has been found to be associated with the relative creep resistance and lifetimes, over a wide range of uniaxial stresses, for parent, heat affected zone, Type IV and weld materials. The equi-biaxial stress loading condition (mean diameter stress equal to the axial stress) has been confirmed to be the worst loading condition. For this condition, simple design formulae are proposed for both 590 and 620 °C.

    References

    • Andrade E.N.da.C. 1910The viscous flow in metals and allied phenomena. Proc. R. Soc. A 84, 1. Link, Google Scholar
    • Andrade E.N.da.C. 1914The flow in metals under large constant stresses. Proc. R. Soc. A 90, 329. Link, Google Scholar
    • Bailey R.W. 1929Creep of steel under simple and compound stress and the use of high initial temperature in steam power plants. Trans World Power Conference Tokyo 3, 1089. Google Scholar
    • Bailey R.W. 1935The utilisation of creep test data in engineering design. Proc. IMechE 131, 260. Crossref, Google Scholar
    • British Energy Generation Ltd. 2001 An assessment procedure for the high-temperature response of structures, R5 Issue 2, Revision 2. Google Scholar
    • British Standards Institution 1989 Specification for design and manufacture of water-tube steam generating plant (including superheaters, reheaters and steel tube economisers), BS 1113:1989. Google Scholar
    • British Standards Institution 1991 Specification for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels, BS 5500:1991. Google Scholar
    • British Standards Institution 1993 Specification for design and construction of ferrous piping installations for and in connection with land boilers, BS 806:1993. Google Scholar
    • Cane B.J. 1981Creep fracture of dispersion strengthened low alloy ferritic steels. Acta Metall 29, 1581doi:10.1016/0001-6160(81)90040-7. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Chaboche J.L. 1999Creep and damage in materials and structures. , Altenbach H& Skrzypek J.JIn CISM Course and Lecture No. 399, International Centre for Mechanical SciencesNew York:Springer Wien209–293. Google Scholar
    • Coleman M.C, Parker J.D& Walters D.J. 1985The behaviour of ferritic weldments in thick section 0.5Cr 0.5Mo 0.25V pipe at elevated temperature. Int. J. Press. Vessels Piping 18, 277doi:10.1016/0308-0161(85)90015-8. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Dyson B.F& Gibbons T.B. 1987Tertiary creep in nickel-based superalloys: analysis of experimental data and theoretical synergies. Acta Metall 35, 2355doi:10.1016/0001-6160(87)90083-6. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Dyson B.F& Mclean M. 2000The role of micromechanisms quantification in developing creep constitutive equations.In Proc. 5th IUTAM Symp. on Creep in Structures. Nagoya, JapanKluwer:Academic Press3–16. Google Scholar
    • Flewitt, P. E. J., Browne, R. J., Lonsdale, D., Shammas, M. S. & Soo, J. N. 1989 Multiaxial stress in relationship to creep life: evaluation of testing procedures, preliminary assessment of multiaxial stress criterion and strategy for testing. CEGB report OED/STB(S)/88?0033/R. Google Scholar
    • Garofalo F. 1963Emperical relation defining stress dependence of minimum creep rate in metals. Trans. AIME 227, 351. Google Scholar
    • Gooch D.J& Kimmins S.T. 1987Type IV cracking in 0.5Cr 0.5Mo 0.25V/2.25Cr 1Mo weldments. , Wilshire B& Evans R.WIn Proc. Third Int. Conf. on Creep and Fatigue of Engineering Materials and Structure, Swansea. Google Scholar
    • Hall F.R& Hayhurst D.R. 1991Continuum damage mechanics modeling of high-temperature deformation and failure in a pipe weldment. Proc. R. Soc. A 433, 383. Link, Google Scholar
    • Hayhurst D.R. 1972Creep rupture under multiaxial states of stress. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 20, 381doi:10.1016/0022-5096(72)90015-4. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Hayhurst D.R& Miller D.A. 1998The use of creep continuum damage mechanics to predict damage evolution and failure in welded vessels. IMechE S539/008, 117. Google Scholar
    • Hayhurst D.R& Perrin I.J. 1995CDM analysis of creep rupture in weldments.In The ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference, Boulder, Colorado, USA, May 1995. Published in Proc. ASCE vol. 1pp. 393–396. Google Scholar
    • Hayhurst D.R, Dimmer P.R& Chernuka M.W. 1975Estimates of the creep rupture lifetime of structures using the finite element method. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 23, 335doi:10.1016/0022-5096(75)90032-0. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Hayhurst D.R, Dimmer P.R& Morrison C.J. 1984Development of continuum damage in the creep rupture of notched bars. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 311, 103. Link, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Kowalewski Z.L, Hayhurst D.R& Dyson B.F. 1994Mechanisms based creep constitutive equations for an aluminium alloy. J. Strain Anal 29, 309–316. Crossref, Google Scholar
    • Leckie F.A& Hayhurst D.R. 1974Creep rupture of structures. Proc. R. Soc. A 340, 323. Link, Google Scholar
    • Lemaitre J. 1992A course on damage mechanics. Berlin:Springerch. 2. Google Scholar
    • Lemaitre J& Chaboche I.L. 1990Mechanics of solid materials. Cambridge:Cambridge University Pressch. 2. Google Scholar
    • Norton F.H. 1929Creep of steel at high temperatures. New York:Mc Graw-Hill. Google Scholar
    • Odqvist F.K.G. 1934Creep stresses in a rotating disc. Proc. IV Int. Congress for Applied Mechanics, Cambridgep. 228. Google Scholar
    • Odqvist F.K.G. 1974Mathematical theory of creep and creep rupture. 2nd edn.In Oxford Mathematical MonographsOxford:Clarendon Press. Google Scholar
    • Othman A.M, Hayhurst D.R& Dyson B.F. 1993Skeletal point stress in circumferentially notched tension bars undergoing tertiary creep modelled with physically based constitutive equations. Proc. R. Soc. A 441, 343. Link, Google Scholar
    • Perrin, I. J 1995 Computer-based Type IV creep CDM design of low alloy ferritic steel weldments. Ph.D. thesis, UMIST. Google Scholar
    • Perrin, I. J. & Hayhurst, D. R. 1994a Physically based creep constitutive equations for a 0.5Cr 0.5Mo 0.25V ferritic steel at 635 °C. UMIST Department of Mechanical Engineering Internal Report DMM.94.23. Google Scholar
    • Perrin, I. J. & Hayhurst, D. R. 1994b A method for the extrapolation of creep constitutive equations to represent the behaviour at different temperatures and of different materials within the same domain. UMIST Department of Mechanical Engineering Internal Report DMM.94.24. Google Scholar
    • Perrin, I. J. & Hayhurst, D. R. 1994c Computational damage modelling of multiaxial creep tests to determine the multiaxial stress criteria for a 0.5Cr 0.5Mo 0.25V ferritic steel. UMIST Department of Mechanical Engineering Internal Report DMM.94.25. Google Scholar
    • Perrin I.J& Hayhurst D.RA method for the transformation of creep constitutive equations. Int. J. Press. Vessels Piping 681996a299doi:10.1016/0308-0161(95)00069-0. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Perrin I.J& Hayhurst D.RCreep constitutive equations for a 0.5Cr 0.5Mo 0.25V ferritic steel in the temperature range 600–675 °C. J. Strain Anal 311996b299. Crossref, Google Scholar
    • Perrin I.J& Hayhurst D.R. 1999Continuum damage mechanics analyses of Type IV creep failure in ferritic steel crossweld specimens. Int. J. Press. Vessels Piping 76, 599doi:10.1016/S0308-0161(99)00051-4. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Perrin I.J, Hayhurst D.R& Ainsworth R.A. 2000Approximate creep rupture lifetimes for butt welded ferritic steel pressurised pipes. Eur. J. Mech. A/Solids 19, 223doi:10.1016/S0997-7538(00)00160-1. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
    • Wang Z.P& Hayhurst D.R. 1994The use of supercomputer modeling of high-temperature failure in pipe weldments to optimise weld and heat affected zone materials property selection. Proc. R. Soc. A 446, 127. Link, Google Scholar
    Previous Article