Open and globular star clusters have served as benchmarks for the study of stellar evolution owing to their supposed nature as simple stellar populations of the same age and metallicity. After a brief review of some of the pioneering work that established the importance of imaging stars in these systems, we focus on several recent studies that have challenged our fundamental picture of star clusters. These new studies indicate that star clusters can very well harbour multiple stellar populations, possibly formed through self-enrichment processes from the first-generation stars that evolved through post-main-sequence evolutionary phases. Correctly interpreting stellar evolution in such systems is tied to our understanding of both chemical-enrichment mechanisms, including stellar mass loss along the giant branches, and the dynamical state of the cluster. We illustrate recent imaging, spectroscopic and theoretical studies that have begun to shed new light on the evolutionary processes that occur within star clusters.

References

Anderson J.& van der Marel R. P.SubmittedNew limits on an intermediate mass black hole in ω Centauri. I. Hubble space telescope photometry and proper motions. (http://www.arxiv.org/abs/0905.0627). Google Scholar
Anderson J., Piotto G., King I. R., Bedin L. R.& Guhathakurta P.. 2009Mixed populations in globular clusters:et tu, 47 Tuc. Astrophys. J. 697, L58-L62(doi:10.1088/0004-637X/697/1/L58). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Aparicio A., Bertelli G., Chiosi C.& Garcia-Pelayo J. M.. 1990CCD UBVR photometry of the old rich open cluster King 2. Comparison with theoretical models. Astron. Astrophys. 240, 262-288. ISI, Google Scholar
Baraffe I., Chabrier G., Allard F.& Hauschildt P. H.. 1998Evolutionary models for solar metallicity low-mass stars:mass–magnitude relationships and color–magnitude diagrams. Astron. Astrophys. 337, 403-412. ISI, Google Scholar
Bate M. R., Bonnell I. A.& Bromm V.. 2003The formation of a star cluster:predicting the properties of stars and brown dwarfs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 339, 577-599(doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06210.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Baumgardt H., Makino J.& Hut P.. 2005Which globular clusters contain intermediate-mass black holes?Astrophys. J. 620, 238-243(doi:10.1086/426893). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Bedin L., Piotto G., Anderson J., Cassisi S., King I. R., Momany Y.& Carraro G.. 2004ω Centauri:the population puzzle goes deeper. Astrophys. J. 625, L125-L128(doi:10.1086/420847). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Bergeron P., Saffer R. A.& Liebert J.. 1992A spectroscopic determination of the mass distribution of DA white dwarfs. Astrophys. J. 394, 228-247(doi:10.1086/171575). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Bergeron P., Saumon D.& Wesemael F.. 1995New model atmospheres for very cool white dwarfs with mixed H/He and pure He compositions. Astrophys. J. 443, 764-779(doi:10.1086/175566). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Bethe H. A.& Marshak R. E.. 1939The physics of stellar interiors and stellar evolution. Rep. Progr. Phys. 6, 1-15(doi:10.1088/0034-4885/6/1/301). Crossref, Google Scholar
Bloom J., et al.2009The Synoptic All-Sky Infrared (SASIR) Survey. Submitted to the Optical and IR Astronomy from the Ground program prioritization panel of the US Astro2010 decadal survey. (http://www.arxiv.org/abs/0905.1965). Google Scholar
Bruzual A. G.. 2010Star clusters as simple stellar populations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 783-799(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0258). Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Bruzual A. G.& Charlot S.. 2003Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344, 1000-1028(doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Calamida A., et al.2008On the white dwarf cooling sequence of the globular cluster ω Centauri. Astrophys. J. 673, 29(doi:10.1086/527436). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Castellani M.& Castellani V.. 1993Mass loss in globular cluster red giants. An evolutionary investigation. Astrophys. J. 407, 649-656(doi:10.1086/172547). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Catelan M.. 2009The ages of stars:the horizontal branch. The Ages of Stars, Proc. Int. Astronomical Union Symp., Mamajek E. E., Soderblom D. R.& Wyse R. F. G. 258, 209-220Cambridge, UKCambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Chabrier G., Brassard P., Fontaine G.& Saumon D.. 2000Cooling sequences and color–magnitude diagrams for cool white dwarfs with hydrogen atmospheres. Astrophys. J. 543, 216-226(doi:10.1086/317092). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Chandrasekhar S.. 1939An introduction to the study of stellar structureChicago, ILUniversity of Chicago Press. Google Scholar
Chatterjee S., Fregeau J. M.& Rasio F. A.. 2009Effects of collisions on globular cluster evolution. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 41, 391-391. Google Scholar
Clarke C.. 2010The physics and modes of star cluster formation:simulations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 733-754(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0262). Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Cohen J. G.. 1978Abundances in globular cluster red giants. I. M3 and M13. Astrophys. J. 223, 487-508(doi:10.1086/156284). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
D’Antona F.& Caloi V.. 2004The early evolution of globular clusters:the case of NGC 2808. Astrophys. J. 611, 871-880(doi:10.1086/422334). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
D’Antona F., Bellazzini M., Caloi V., Fusi Pecci F., Galleti S.& Rood R. T.. 2005A helium spread among the main-sequence stars in NGC 2808. Astrophys. J. 631, 868-878(doi:10.1086/431968). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Davis D. S.. 2008Progress in globular cluster research:insights from NGC 6397 and Messier 4. PhD thesis, University of British Columbia, Canada. (doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/6/2155). Google Scholar
Davis D. S., Richer H. B., Anderson J., Brewer J., Hurley J., Kalirai J. S., Rich R. M.& Stetson P. B.. 2008aDeep Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging in the globular cluster NGC 6397:the binary fraction. Astron. J. 135, 2155-2162. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Davis D. S., Richer H. B., King I. R., Anderson J., Coffey J., Fahlman G. G., Hurley J.& Kalirai J. S.. 2008bOn the radial distribution of white dwarfs in the globular cluster NGC 6397. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 383, L20-L24. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
D’Cruz N. L., Dorman B., Rood R. T.& O’Connell R. W.. 1996The origin of extreme horizontal branch stars. Astrophys. J. 466, 359-371(doi:10.1086/177515). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Demarque P., Woo J.-H., Kim Y.-C.& Yi S. K.. 2004Y² isochrones with an improved core overshoot treatment. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 155, 667-674(doi:10.1086/424966). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Dobbie P. D., Napiwotzki R., Burleigh M. R., Barstow M. A., Boyce D. D., Casewell S. L., Jameson R. F., Hubeny I.& Fontaine G.. 2006New Praesepe white dwarfs and the initial mass–final mass relation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 369, 383-389(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10311.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Dobbie P. D., Napiwotzki R., Burleigh M. R., Williams K. A., Sharp R., Barstow M., Casewell S. L.& Hubeny I.. 2009A new detailed examination of white dwarfs in NGC 3532 and NGC 2287. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 2248-2256(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14688.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Dotter A., Chaboyer B., Jevremović D., Baron E., Ferguson J. W., Sarajedini A.& Anderson J.. 2007The ACS survey of Galactic globular clusters. II. Stellar evolution tracks, isochrones, luminosity functions, and synthetic horizontal-branch models. Astron. J. 134, 376-390(doi:10.1086/517915). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Dotter A., Chaboyer B., Jevremović D., Kostov V., Baron E.& Ferguson J. W.. 2008The Dartmouth stellar evolution database. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 178, 89-101(doi:10.1086/589654). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Eddington A. S.. 1926The internal constitution of the starsCambridge, UKCambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Eisenstein D. J., et al.2006A catalog of spectroscopically confirmed white dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 4. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 167, 40-58(doi:10.1086/507110). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Elmegreen B. G., Efremov Y., Pudritz R. E.& Zinnecker H.. 2000Observations and theory of star cluster formation. Protostars and planets IV, Mannings V. , Boss A. P.& Russell S. S.179-216Tucson, AZUniversity of Arizona Press. Google Scholar
Fellhauer M., Lin D. N. C., Bolte M., Aarseth S. J.& Williams K. A.. 2003The white dwarf deficit in open clusters:dynamical processes. Astrophys. J. 595, L53-L56(doi:10.1086/379005). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Ferrario L., Wickramasinghe D., Liebert J.& Williams K. A.. 2005The open cluster initial–final mass relationship and the high-mass tail of the white dwarf distribution. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 361, 1131-1135(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09244.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Fregeau J. M., Richer H. B., Rasio F. A.& Hurley J. R.. 2009The dynamical effects of white dwarf birth kicks in globular star clusters. Astrophys. J. 695, L20-L24(doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/1/L20). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Gebhardt K., Rich R. M.& Ho L. C.. 2002A 20 000 M⊙ black hole in the stellar cluster G1. Astrophys. J. 578, L41-L45(doi:10.1086/342980). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Gebhardt K., Rich R. M.& Ho L. C.. 2005An intermediate-mass black hole in the globular cluster G1:improved significance from new Keck and Hubble Space Telescope observations. Astrophys. J. 634, 1093-1102(doi:10.1086/497023). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Gerssen J., van der Marel R. P., Gebhardt K., Guhathakurta P., Peterson R. C.& Pryor C.. 2002Hubble Space Telescope evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole in the globular cluster M15. II. Kinematic analysis and dynamical modeling. Astron. J. 124, 3270-3288(doi:10.1086/344584). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Giersz M.& Heggie D. C.. 2009Monte Carlo simulations of star clusters. VI. The globular cluster NGC 6397. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 1173-1183(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14638.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Gill M., Trenti M., Miller M. C., van der Marel R., Hamilton D.& Stiavelli M.. 2008Intermediate-mass black hole induced quenching of mass segregation in star clusters. Astrophys. J. 686, 303-309(doi:10.1086/591269). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Girardi L., Bertelli G., Bressan A., Chiosi C., Groenewegen M. A. T., Marigo P., Salasnich B.& Weiss A.. 2002Theoretical isochrones in several photometric systems. I. Johnson–Cousins–Glass, HST/WFPC2, HST/NICMOS, Washington, and ESO Imaging Survey filter sets. Astron. Astrophys. 391, 195-212(doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020612). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Goodwin S. P.. 2010Binaries in star clusters and the origin of the field stellar population. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 851-866(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0254). Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Gratton R. G.. 1982Abundances in metal-poor stars. II. The anomalous globular cluster ω Centauri. Astron. Astrophys. 115, 336-346. ISI, Google Scholar
Gratton R. G., Bragaglia A., Carretta E., Clementini G., Desidera S., Grundahl F.& Lucatello S.. 2003Distances and ages of NGC 6397, NGC 6752 and 47 Tuc. Astron. Astrophys. 408, 529-543(doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031003). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Gratton R., Sneden C.& Carretta E.. 2004Abundance variations within globular clusters. Annu. Rev. 42, 385-440(doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.133945). Google Scholar
Groenewegen M. A. T.. 2006The mid- and far-infrared colours of AGB and post-AGB stars. Astron. Astrophys. 448, 181-187(doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054163). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Habing H. J.. 1996Circumstellar envelopes and asymptotic giant branch stars. Astron. Astrophys. 7, 97-207(doi:10.1007/PL00013287). ISI, Google Scholar
Hansen B. M. S.. 1999Cooling models for old white dwarfs. Astrophys. J. 520, 680-695(doi:10.1086/307476). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Hansen B. M. S.. 2005White dwarfs in NGC 6791:avoiding the helium flash. Astrophys. J. 635, 522-526(doi:10.1086/496951). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Hansen B. M. S., et al.2007The white dwarf cooling sequence of NGC 6397. Astrophys. J. 671, 380-401(doi:10.1086/522567). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Harris W. E.. 1996A catalog of parameters for globular clusters in the Milky Way. Astron. J. 112, 1487-1488(doi:10.1086/118116). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Harris W. E.& Pudritz R. E.. 1994Supergiant molecular clouds and the formation of globular cluster systems. Astrophys. J. 429, 177-191(doi:10.1086/174310). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Hayashi C.. 1949Stars built on the shell source model. Phys. Rev. 75, 1619(doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.1619). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Heggie D. C.& Giersz M.. 20091 Gyr in the life of the globular cluster NGC 6397. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, L46-L50(doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00681.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Heggie D. C., Trenti M.& Hut P.. 2006Star clusters with primordial binaries. I. Dynamical evolution of isolated models. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368, 677-689(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10122.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Henyey L. G., Lelevier R.& Levee R. D.. 1959Evolution of main-sequence stars. Astrophys. J. 129, 2-19(doi:10.1086/146590). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Hertzsprung E.. 1905Zure Strahlung der Stern. Zeitschr. Wissensch. Photogr. 3, 429-442(doi:10.1086/307476). Google Scholar
Hertzsprung E.. 1911Über die Verwendung photographischer effektiver Wellenlaengen zur Bestimmung von Farbenäquivalenten. Publ. Astrophys. Observ. Potsdam 22, 1-40. Google Scholar
Heyl J. S.. 2008aConstraining white dwarf kicks in globular clusters. II. Observational significance. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 385, 231-235(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12719.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Heyl J. S.. 2008bConstraining white dwarf kicks in globular clusters. III. Cluster heating. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 390, 622-624(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13724.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Hurley J. R.. 2007Ratios of star cluster core and half-mass radii:a cautionary note on intermediate-mass black holes in star clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 379, 93-99(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11912.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Hurley J. R.& Shara M. M.. 2003White dwarf sequences in dense star clusters. Astrophys. J. 589, 179-198(doi:10.1086/374637). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Hurley J. R., Aarseth S. J.& Shara M. M.. 2007The core binary fractions of star clusters from realistic simulations. Astrophys. J. 665, 707-718(doi:10.1086/517879). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Iben I.. 1965Stellar evolution. I. The approach to the main sequence. Astrophys. J. 141, 993-1018(doi:10.1086/148193). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Iben I.. 1967Stellar evolution. VI. Evolution from the main sequence to the red-giant branch for stars of mass 1M⊙, 1.25,M⊙, and 1.5M⊙. Astrophys. J. 147, 624-649(doi:10.1086/149040). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Janes K.& Adler D.. 1982Open clusters and Galactic structure. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 49, 425-445. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Jeffries R. D.. 1997On the initial–final mass relation and maximum mass of white dwarf progenitors. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 288, 585-588. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S.& Tosi M.. 2004Interpreting the colour–magnitude diagrams of open star clusters through numerical simulations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 351, 649-662(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07813.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Richer H. B., Fahlman G. G., Cuillandre J., Ventura P., D’Antona F., Bertin E., Marconi G.& Durrell P.. 2001aThe CFHT Open Star Cluster Survey. I. Cluster selection and data reduction. Astron. J. 122, 257-265(doi:10.1086/321140). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Richer H. B., Fahlman G. G., Cuillandre J., Ventura P., D’Antona F., Bertin E., Marconi G.& Durrell P.. 2001bThe CFHT Open Star Cluster Survey. II. Deep CCD photometry of the old open star cluster NGC 6819. Astron. J. 122, 266-282(doi:10.1086/321141). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Ventura P., Richer H. B., Fahlman G. G., D’Antona F.& Marconi G.. 2001cThe CFHT Open Star Cluster Survey. III. The white dwarf cooling age of the rich open star cluster NGC 2099 (M37). Astron. J. 122, 3239-3257(doi:10.1086/324463). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Fahlman G. G., Richer H. B.& Ventura P.. 2003The CFHT Open Star Cluster Survey. IV. Two rich, young open star clusters:NGC 2168 (M35) and NGC 2323 (M50). Astron. J. 126, 1402-1414(doi:10.1086/377320). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Richer H. B., Reitzel D., Hansen B. M. S., Rich R. M., Fahlman G. G., Gibson B. K.& von Hippel T.. 2005The initial–final mass relationship:spectroscopy of white dwarfs in NGC 2099 (M37). Astrophys. J. 618, 123(doi:10.1086/427774). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Bergeron P., Hansen B. M. S., Kelson D. D., Reitzel D. B., Rich R. M.& Richer H. B.. 2007aStellar evolution in NGC 6791:mass loss on the red giant branch and the formation of low-mass white dwarfs. Astrophys. J. 671, 748-760(doi:10.1086/521922). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., et al.2007bThe space motion of the globular cluster NGC 6397. Astrophys. J. 657, L93-L96(doi:10.1086/513102). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Hansen B. M. S., Kelson D. D., Reitzel D. B., Rich R. M.& Richer H. B.. 2008The initial–final mass relation:direct constraints at the low-mass end. Astrophys. J. 676, 594-609(doi:10.1086/527028). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Bochanski J., Claver C., Covey K., Frinchaboy P. M., Ivezic Z., Mathieu R. D., McGehee P.& Monet D.. 2009aResolved stellar populations in the Milky Way. Astro2010:the astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey. Science White Paper, no. 146. Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., et al.2009bWhite dwarfs as astrophysical probes. Astro2010:the astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey. Science White Paper, no. 147. Google Scholar
Kalirai J. S., Davis S. D., Richer H. B., Bergeron P., Catelan M., Hansen B. M. S.& Rich R. M.. 2009cThe masses of population II white dwarfs. Astrophys. J. 705, 408-425(doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/408). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
King I. R., Anderson J., Cool A. M.& Piotto G.. 1998The luminosity function of the globular cluster NGC 6397 near the limit of hydrogen burning. Astrophys. J. 492, L37-L40(doi:10.1086/311082). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Koester D.& Reimers D.. 1981Spectroscopic identification of white dwarfs in Galactic clusters. I. NGC 2287 and NGC 2422. Astron. Astrophys. 99, L8-L11. ISI, Google Scholar
Koester D.& Reimers D.. 1985Spectroscopic identification of white dwarfs in Galactic clusters. III. IC 2391 and NGC 2451. Astron. Astrophys. 153, 260-264. ISI, Google Scholar
Koester D.& Reimers D.. 1993Spectroscopic identification of white dwarfs in Galactic clusters. VI. Three new white dwarfs in NGC 3532. Astron. Astrophys. 275, 479-483. ISI, Google Scholar
Koester D.& Reimers D.. 1996White dwarfs in open clusters. VIII. NGC 2516:a test for the mass–radius and initial–final mass relations. Astron. Astrophys. 313, 810-814. ISI, Google Scholar
Kowalski P. M.. 2007White dwarf atmosphere models with Lyα opacity in the analysis of the white dwarf cooling sequence of NGC 6397. Astron. Astrophys. 474, 491-494(doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077985). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kraft R. P.. 1994Abundance differences among globular cluster giants:primordial versus evolutionary scenarios. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 106, 553-565(doi:10.1086/133416). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Lada C. J.. 2006Stellar multiplicity and the initial mass function:most stars are single. Astrophys. J. 640, L63-L66(doi:10.1086/503158). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Lada C. J.. 2010The physics and modes of star cluster formation:observations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 368, 713-731(doi:10.1098/rsta.2009.0264). Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Mackey A. D., Wilkinson M. I., Davies M. B.& Gilmore G. F.. 2007The effect of stellar-mass black holes on the structural evolution of massive star clusters. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 379, L40-L44(doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2007.00330.x). Crossref, Google Scholar
Mackey A. D., Broby Nielsen P., Ferguson A. M. N.& Richardson J. C.. 2008Multiple stellar populations in three rich Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters. Astrophys. J. 681, L17-L20(doi:10.1086/590343). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Mathieu R. D.. 2000The WIYN open cluster study. Stellar clusters and associations:convection, rotation, and dynamos, Pallavicini R., Micela G.& Sciortino S. 198Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series517-531San Francisco, CAAstronomical Society of the Pacific. Google Scholar
Mermilliod J.-C.. 1995The database for galactic open clusters (BDA). Information and on-line data in astronomy, Egret D.& Albrecht M. A.127-138Astrophysics and Space Science Library 203Dordrecht, The NetherlandsKluwer Academic. Google Scholar
Messier C.. 1774Catalogue des nébuleuses et des amas d’étoiles, que l’on découvre parmi les étoiles fixes sur l’horizon de Paris; observées à l’Observatoire de la Marine, avec differents instruments”, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. 435–461 [ForParis, dated 16 February 1771.]. Google Scholar
Milone A. P., et al.2008The ACS survey of Galactic globular clusters. III. The double subgiant branch of NGC 1851. Astrophys. J. 673, 241-250(doi:10.1086/524188). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Moehler S.& Bono G.InpressWhite dwarfs in globular clusters. White dwarfs, Burleigh M.& Napiwotzki R.Astrophysics Space Science Library. (http://www.arxiv.org/abs/0806.4456). Google Scholar
Moehler S., Koester D., Zoccali M., Ferraro F. R., Heber U., Napiwotzki R.& Renzini A.. 2004Spectral types and masses of white dwarfs in globular clusters. Astron. Astrophys. 420, 515-525(doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20035819). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Norris J., Cottrell P. L., Freeman K. C.& Da Costa G. S.. 1981The abundance spread in the giants of NGC 6752. Astrophys. J. 244, 205-220(doi:10.1086/158698). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Noyola E., Gebhardt K.& Bergmann M.. 2008Gemini and Hubble Space Telescope evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole in ω Centauri. Astrophys. J. 676, 1008-1015(doi:10.1086/529002). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Origlia L., Rood R. T., Fabbri S., Ferraro F. R., Fusi Pecci F.& Rich R. M.. 2007The first empirical mass-loss law for Population II giants. Astrophys. J. 667, L85-L88(doi:10.1086/521980). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Peterson R. C.. 1980Evidence from sodium-abundance variations among red giants of M13 for inhomogeneities in the protocluster gas. Astrophys. J. 237, L87-L91(doi:10.1086/157950). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Piotto G.. 2009Observations of multiple populations in star clusters. The Ages of Stars, Proc. Int. Astronomical Union Symp., Mamajek E. E., Soderblom D. R.& Wyse R. F. G 258, 233-244Cambridge, UKCambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Piotto G., et al.2005Metallicities on the double main sequence of ω Centauri imply large helium enhancement. Astrophys. J. 621, 777-784(doi:10.1086/427796). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Piotto G., Bedin L. R., Anderson J., King I. R., Cassisi S., Milone A. P., Villanova S., Pietrinferni A.& Renzini A.. 2007A triple main sequence in the globular cluster NGC 2808. Astrophys. J. 661, L53-L56(doi:10.1086/518503). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Reimers D.& Koester D.. 1982Spectroscopic identification of white dwarfs in Galactic clusters. II. NGC 2516. Astron. Astrophys. 116, 341-347. ISI, Google Scholar
Reimers D.& Koester D.. 1989Spectroscopic identification of white dwarfs in Galactic clusters. V. NGC 3532. Astron. Astrophys. 218, 118-122. ISI, Google Scholar
Reimers D.& Koester D.. 1994Spectroscopic identification of white dwarfs in Galactic clusters. VII. NGC 6633. Astron. Astrophys. 285, 451-453. ISI, Google Scholar
Renzini A.& Fusi Pecci F.. 1988Tests of evolutionary sequences using color–magnitude diagrams of globular clusters. Annu. Rev. 26, 199-244(doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.26.090188.001215). Google Scholar
Renzini A., Bragaglia A., Ferraro F. R., Gilmozzi R., Ortolani S., Holberg J. B., Liebert J., Wesemael F.& Bohlin R. C.. 1996The white dwarf distance to the globular cluster NGC 6752 (and its age) with the Hubble Space Telescope. Astrophys. J. 465, L23-L26(doi:10.1086/310128). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Richer H. B., et al.2006Probing the faintest stars in a globular star cluster. Science 313, 936-940(doi:10.1126/science.1130691). Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Richer H. B., et al.2008Deep Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging in the globular cluster NGC 6397:the cluster color–magnitude diagram and luminosity function. Astron. J. 135, 2141-2154(doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/6/2141). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Rood R. T.. 1973Metal-poor stars. V. Horizontal-branch morphology. Astrophys. J. 184, 815-838(doi:10.1086/152373). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Russell H. N.. 1913Giant and dwarf stars. Observatory 36, 324-329. Google Scholar
Russell H. N.. 1914aRelations between the spectra and other characteristics of the stars. Popul. Astron. 22, 275-294. Google Scholar
Russell H. N.. 1914bOn the probable order of stellar evolution. Observatory 37, 165-175. Google Scholar
Sarajedini A., et al.2007The ACS survey of Galactic globular clusters. I. Overview and clusters without previous Hubble Space Telescope photometry. Astron. J. 133, 1658-1672(doi:10.1086/511979). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Saumon D.& Jacobson S. B.. 1999Pure hydrogen model atmospheres for very cool white dwarfs. Astrophys. J. 511, L107-L110(doi:10.1086/311851). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Shapley H.. 1917Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. I, II, III. Astrophys. J. 45, 118-141(doi:10.1086/142314). Crossref, Google Scholar
Shapley H.. 1918Studies based on the colors and magnitudes in stellar clusters. VII. The distances, distribution in space, and dimensions of 69 globular clusters. Astrophys. J. 48, 154-181(doi:10.1086/142423). Crossref, Google Scholar
Skillman E. D.& Gallart C.. 2002First results of the Coimbra experiment. Observed HR diagrams and stellar evolution, Lejeune T.& Fernandes J. 274Astronomical Society of the Pacific Confernce Series535-546San Francisco, CAAstronomical Society of the Pacific. Google Scholar
Stern D., et al.2009The Near-Infrared Sky Surveyor (NIRSS). Electromagnetic Observations from Space panel of the US Astro2010 decadal survey, pp. 1–19. Google Scholar
Sweigart A. V.& Catelan M.. 1998The second-parameter effect in metal-rich globular clusters. Astrophys. J. 501, L63-L66(doi:10.1086/311443). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Tosi M., Greggio L., Marconi G.& Focardi P.. 1991Star formation in dwarf irregular galaxies. Sextans B. Astron. J. 102, 951-974(doi:10.1086/115925). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Trenti M., Ardi E., Mineshige S.& Hut P.. 2007Star clusters with primordial binaries. III. Dynamical interaction between binaries and an intermediate-mass black hole. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 374, 857-866(doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11189.x). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Valluri M., Ferrarese L., Merritt D.& Joseph C. L.. 2005The low end of the supermassive black hole mass function:constraining the mass of a nuclear black hole in NGC 205 via stellar kinematics. Astrophys. J. 628, 137-152(doi:10.1086/430752). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
VandenBerg D. A., Bergbusch P. A.& Dowler P. D.. 2006The Victoria–Regina stellar models:evolutionary tracks and isochrones for a wide range in mass and metallicity that allow for empirically constrained amounts of convective core overshooting. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 162, 375-387. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
van der Marel R. P., Gerssen J., Guhathakurta P., Peterson R. C.& Gebhardt K.. 2002Hubble Space Telescope evidence for an intermediate-mass black hole in the globular cluster M15. I. STIS spectroscopy and WFPC2 photometry. Astron. J. 124, 3255-3269(doi:10.1086/344583). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Ventura P., D’Antona F., Mazzitelli I.& Gratton R.. 2001Predictions for self-pollution in globular cluster stars. Astrophys. J. 550, L65-L69(doi:10.1086/319496). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Vesperini E.& Chernoff D. F.. 1994The range of core size of postcollapse clusters supported by primordial binaries. Astrophys. J. 431, 231-236(doi:10.1086/174480). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Villanova S., et al.2007The multiplicity of the subgiant branch of ω Centauri:evidence for prolonged star formation. Astrophys. J. 663, 296-314(doi:10.1086/517905). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Warren W. H.& Hesser J. E.. 1977A photometric study of the Orion OB 1 association. I. Observational data. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 34, 115-206. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Weidemann V.. 1977Mass loss towards the white dwarf stage. Astron. Astrophys. 59, 411-418. ISI, Google Scholar
Weidemann V.. 1987The initial–final mass relation. Galactic disk and Magellanic Clouds. Astron. Astrophys. 188, 74-84. ISI, Google Scholar
Weidemann V.. 1997Hyades cluster white dwarfs and the initial–final mass relation. Advances in stellar evolution:stellar ecology, Rood R. T.& Renzini A.Cambridge Contemporary Astrophysics169-176Cambridge, UKCambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Weidemann V.. 2000Revision of the initial-to-final mass relation. Astron. Astrophys. 363, 647-656. ISI, Google Scholar
Weidemann V.& Koester D.. 1983The upper mass limit for white dwarf progenitors and the initial–final mass relation for low and intermediate mass stars. Astron. Astrophys. 121, 77-84. ISI, Google Scholar
Williams K. A.. 2002White dwarfs in open clusters:the initial–final mass limit, the supernova mass limit, and the white dwarf deficit. PhD thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz. Google Scholar
Williams K. A& Bolte M.. 2007A photometric and spectroscopic search for white dwarfs in the open clusters NGC 6633 and NGC 7063. Astron. J. 133, 1490-1504(doi:10.1086/511675). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Williams K. A., Bolte M.& Koester D.. 2009Probing the lower mass limit for supernova progenitors and the high-mass end of the initial–final mass relation from white dwarfs in the open cluster M35 (NGC 2168). Astrophys. J. 693, 355-369(doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/355). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Zinn R.& West M. J.. 1984The globular cluster system of the Galaxy. III. Measurements of radial velocity and metallicity for 60 clusters and a compilation of metallicities for 121 clusters. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 55, 45-66(doi:10.1086/190947). Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

This Issue

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences cover image

28 February 2010

Volume 368Issue 1913

Theme Issue 'Star clusters as tracers of galactic star-formation histories' compiled and edited by Richard de Grijs

Article Information

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0257
Published by:Royal Society
Print ISSN:1364-503X
Online ISSN:1471-2962

History:

Published online28/02/2010
Published in print28/02/2010

License:

Citations and impact

Keywords

Subjects