A probabilistic atlas and reference system for the human brain: International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM)
John Mazziotta
Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 660 Charles E. Young Drive, South Los AngelesCA 90095, USA
Arthur Toga
Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Blvd, Lost Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Alan Evans
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Peter Fox
Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio TX 78284, USA
Jack Lancaster
Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio TX 78284, USA
Karl Zilles
University Duesseldorf, Vogt Brain Research Institute, P.O. Box 10 10 07, Duesseldorf D-40001, Germany
Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohuku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aobaku, Sendai 980-9575, Japan
Roger Woods
Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 660 Charles E. Young Drive, South Los AngelesCA 90095, USA
Tomas Paus
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Gregory Simpson
Dynamic NeuroImaging Laboratory, UCSF, Department of Radiology, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Bruce Pike
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Colin Holmes
SGI, 43L-525, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043-1352, USA
Louis Collins
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Paul Thompson
Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Blvd, Lost Angeles, CA 90095, USA
David MacDonald
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Marco Iacoboni
Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 660 Charles E. Young Drive, South Los AngelesCA 90095, USA
Thorsten Schormann
Institut für Neuroanatomie und C. und O., Vogt Institut für Hirnforschung, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Postfach 101007, D-40001, Düsseldorf, Germany
Katrin Amunts
Institut für Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jülich und Institut für Neuroanatomie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Postfach 101007, D-40001, Düsseldorf, Germany
Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
Institute of Medicine, Research Centre, Jüich, D-52425, Germany
Stefan Geyer
Institute of Neuroanatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Mooren str. 5,D-40225 Düsserldofr, Germany
Larry Parsons
Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio TX 78284, USA
Katherine Narr
Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Blvd, Lost Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Noor Kabani
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Georges Le Goualher
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Dorret Boomsma
Vrije Universiteit, Department of Biological Psychology, De Bodelaan 1111, 1081 HV, Amsterdam
Tyrone Cannon
UCLA Department of Psychology, Franz Hall, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
Ryuta Kawashima
Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohuku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aobaku, Sendai 980-9575, Japan
Bernard Mazoyer
Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, UMR 6095 CNRs, CES, Université de Caen, Université Paris 5, GIP Cyceron, BP5229, F-14074 Caen, France
John Mazziotta
Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 660 Charles E. Young Drive, South Los AngelesCA 90095, USA
Arthur Toga
Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Blvd, Lost Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Alan Evans
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Peter Fox
Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio TX 78284, USA
Jack Lancaster
Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio TX 78284, USA
Karl Zilles
University Duesseldorf, Vogt Brain Research Institute, P.O. Box 10 10 07, Duesseldorf D-40001, Germany
Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohuku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aobaku, Sendai 980-9575, Japan
Roger Woods
Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 660 Charles E. Young Drive, South Los AngelesCA 90095, USA
Tomas Paus
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Gregory Simpson
Dynamic NeuroImaging Laboratory, UCSF, Department of Radiology, Box 0628, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Bruce Pike
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Colin Holmes
SGI, 43L-525, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043-1352, USA
Louis Collins
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Paul Thompson
Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Blvd, Lost Angeles, CA 90095, USA
David MacDonald
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Marco Iacoboni
Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 660 Charles E. Young Drive, South Los AngelesCA 90095, USA
Thorsten Schormann
Institut für Neuroanatomie und C. und O., Vogt Institut für Hirnforschung, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Postfach 101007, D-40001, Düsseldorf, Germany
Katrin Amunts
Institut für Medizin, Forschungszentrum Jülich und Institut für Neuroanatomie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Postfach 101007, D-40001, Düsseldorf, Germany
Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
Institute of Medicine, Research Centre, Jüich, D-52425, Germany
Stefan Geyer
Institute of Neuroanatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Mooren str. 5,D-40225 Düsserldofr, Germany
Larry Parsons
Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio TX 78284, USA
Katherine Narr
Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, 710 Westwood Blvd, Lost Angeles, CA 90095, USA
Noor Kabani
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Georges Le Goualher
McGill University/McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, WB-315, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
Dorret Boomsma
Vrije Universiteit, Department of Biological Psychology, De Bodelaan 1111, 1081 HV, Amsterdam
Tyrone Cannon
UCLA Department of Psychology, Franz Hall, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
Ryuta Kawashima
Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohuku University, 4-1 Seiryomachi Aobaku, Sendai 980-9575, Japan
Bernard Mazoyer
Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, UMR 6095 CNRs, CES, Université de Caen, Université Paris 5, GIP Cyceron, BP5229, F-14074 Caen, France
Abstract
Motivated by the vast amount of information that is rapidly accumulating about the human brain in digital form, we embarked upon a program in 1992 to develop a four–dimensional probabilistic atlas and reference system for the human brain. Through an International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) a dataset is being collected that includes 7000 subjects between the ages of eighteen and ninety years and including 342 mono– and dizygotic twins. Data on each subject includes detailed demographic, clinical, behavioural and imaging information. DNA has been collected for genotyping from 5800 subjects. A component of the programme uses post–mortem tissue to determine the probabilistic distribution of microscopic cyto– and chemoarchitectural regions in the human brain. This, combined with macroscopic information about structure and function derived from subjects in vivo, provides the first large scale opportunity to gain meaningful insights into the concordance or discordance in micro– and macroscopic structure and function. The philosophy, strategy, algorithm development, data acquisition techniques and validation methods are described in this report along with database structures. Examples of results are described for the normal adult human brain as well as examples in patients with Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The ability to quantify the variance of the human brain as a function of age in a large population of subjects for whom data is also available about their genetic composition and behaviour will allow for the first assessment of cerebral genotype–phenotype–behavioural correlations in humans to take place in a population this large. This approach and its application should provide new insights and opportunities for investigators interested in basic neuroscience, clinical diagnostics and the evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders in patients.