Restricted access

Abstract

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one the most potent orexigenic peptides found in the brain. It stimulates food intake with a preferential effect on carbohydrate intake. It decreases latency to eat, increases motivation to eat and delays satiety by augmenting meal size. The effects on feeding are mediated through at least two receptors, the Y1 and Y5 receptors. The NPY system for feeding regulation is mostly located in the hypothalamus. It is formed of the arcuate nucleus (ARC), where the peptide is synthesized, and the paraventricular (PVN), dorsomedial (DMN) and ventromedial (VMN) nuclei and perifornical area where it is active. This activity is modulated by the hindbrain and limbic structures. It is dependent on energy availability, e.g. upregulation with food deprivation or restriction, and return to baseline with refeeding. It is also sensitive to diet composition with variable effects of carbohydrates and fats. Leptin signalling and glucose sensing which are directly linked to diet type are the most important factors involved in its regulation. Absence of leptin signalling in obesity models due to gene mutation either at the receptor level, as in the Zucker rat, the Koletsky rat or the db/db mouse, or at the peptide level, as in ob/ob mouse, is associated with increased mRNA abundance, peptide content and/or release in the ARC or PVN. Other genetic obesity models, such as the Otsuka–Long–Evans–Tokushima Fatty rat, the agouti mouse or the tubby mouse, are characterized by a diminution in NPY expression in the ARC nucleus and by a significant increase in the DMN. Further studies are necessary to determine the exact role of NPY in these latter models. Long-term exposure to high-fat or high-energy palatable diets leads to the development of adiposity and is associated with a decrease in hypothalamic NPY content or expression, consistent with the existence of a counter-regulatory mechanism to diminish energy intake and limit obesity development. On the other hand, an overactive NPY system (increased mRNA expression in the ARC associated with an upregulation of the receptors) is characteristic of rats or rodent strains sensitive to dietary-induced obesity. Finally, NPY appears to play an important role in body weight and feeding regulation, and while it does not constitute the only target for drug treatment of obesity, it may nevertheless provide a useful target in conjunction with others.

References

Abe M, Saito M, Ikeda H& Shimazu T. 1991Increased neuropeptide-Y content in the arcuato-paraventricular hypothalamic neuronal system in both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetic rats. Brain Res. 539, 223–227.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91624-A. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Acuna-Goycolea C, Tamamaki N, Yanagawa Y, Obata K& van den Pol A. 2005Mechanisms of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide inhibition of identified green fluorescent protein-expressing GABA neurons in the hypothalamic neuroendocrine arcuate nucleus. J. Neurosci. 25, 7406–7419.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1008-05.2005. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ahima R.S& Flier J.S. 2000Leptin. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 62, 413–437.doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.413. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Akabayashi A, Zaia C.T.B.V, Silva I, Chae H.J& Leibowitz S.F. 1993Neuropeptide-Y in the arcuate nucleus is modulated by alterations in glucose utilization. Brain Res. 621, 343–348.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90125-7. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Akabayashi A, Levin N, Paez X, Alexander J.T& Leibowitz S.FHypothalamic neuropeptide Y and its gene expression: relation to light/dark cycle and circulating corticosterone. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 5, 1994a210–218.doi:10.1006/mcne.1994.1025. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Akabayashi A, Watanabe Y, Wahlestedt C, Mcewen B.S, Paez X& Leibowitz S.FHypothalamic neuropeptide Y, its gene expression and receptor activity: relation to circulating corticosterone in adrenalectomized rats. Brain Res. 665, 1994b201–212.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91339-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Alingh Prins A.B, De Jong-Nagelsmit A.M, Keijser I& Strubbe J.H. 1986Daily rhythms of feeding in the genetically obese and lean Zucker rats. Physiol. Behav. 38, 423–426.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90115-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Allen J.M, Hughes J& Bloom S.R. 1987Presence, distribution, and pharmacological effects of neuropeptide Y in mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Dig. Dis. Sci. 32, 506–512.doi:10.1007/BF01296034. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ammar A.A, Sederholm F, Saito T.R, Scheurink A.J.W, Johnson A.E& Sodersten P. 2000NPY–leptin: opposing effects on appetitive and consummatory ingestive behavior and sexual behavior. Am. J. Physiol. 278, R1627–R1633. Google Scholar
Archer Z.A, Rayner D.V, Rozman J, Klingenspor M& Mercer J.G. 2003Normal distribution of body weight gain in male Sprague–Dawley rats fed a high-energy diet. Obes. Res. 11, 1376–1383. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Archer Z.A, Rayner D.V& Mercer J.G. 2004Hypothalamic gene expression is altered in underweight but obese juvenile male Sprague–Dawley rats fed a high-energy diet. J. Nutr. 134, 1369–1374. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Argiles J.M. 1989The obese Zucker rat: a choice for fat metabolism. Prog. Lipid Res. 28, 53–66.doi:10.1016/0163-7827(89)90007-6. . PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Aubert M.L, Gruaz N.M, Pierroz D.D, Dalleves V& Sizonenko P.CDevelopmental aspects of metabolic control of sexual function: role of neuropeptide Y. Developmental endocrinology, Sizonenko P.C, Aubert M.L& Vassalli J.D. 1994pp. 147–159. Eds. Rome, Italy:Ares-Serono Symposia Publications. Google Scholar
Backberg M, Madjid N, Ogren S.O& Meister B. 2004Down-regulated expression of agouti-related protein (AGRP) mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of hyperphagic and obese tub/tub mice. Mol. Brain Res. 125, 129–139.doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.03.012. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Bagnasco M, Dube M.G, Katz A, Kalra P.S& Kalra S.P. 2003Leptin expression in hypothalamic PVN reverses dietary obesity and hyperinsulinemia but stimulates ghrelin. Obes. Res. 11, 1463–1470. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Bai F.L, Yamano M, Shiotani Y, Emson P.C, Smith A.D, Powell J.F& Toyama M. 1985An arcuato-paraventricular and -dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-containing system which lacks noradrenaline in the rat. Brain Res. 331, 172–175.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(85)90730-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Baker R.A& Herkenham M. 1995Arcuate nucleus neurons that project to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: neuropeptidergic identity and consequences of adrenalectomy on mRNA levels in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 358, 518–530.doi:10.1002/cne.903580405. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Balasubramaniam A. 1997Neuropeptide Y family of hormones: receptor subtypes and antagonists. Peptides. 18, 445–457.doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(96)00347-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Baran K, Preston E, Wilks D, Cooney G.J, Kraegen E.W& Sainsbury A. 2002Chronic central melanocortin-4 receptor antagonism and central neuropeptide-Y infusion in rats produce increased adiposity by divergent pathways. Diabetes. 51, 152–158. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bates S.H, et al.2003STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction. Nature. 421, 856–859.doi:10.1038/nature01388. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bchini-Hooft van Huijsduijnen O, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F& Jeanrenaud B. 1993Hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y messenger ribonucleic acid levels in pre-obese and genetically obese (fa/fa) rats—potential regulation thereof by corticotropin-releasing factor. J. Neuroendocrinol. 5, 381–386. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B. 2000Neuropeptides and obesity. Nutrition. 16, 916–923.doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00410-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B. 2001KO's and organisation of peptidergic feeding behavior mechanisms. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25, 143–158.doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00003-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck BThe arcuate nucleus: its special place in the central networks that regulate feeding behavior. Nutrient and cell signalling, Zempleni J& Dakshinamurti K. 2005pp. 665–699. Eds. New York, NY:Marcel Dekker. Google Scholar
Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CChronic and continuous ICV infusion of neuropeptide Y disrupts the nycthemeral feeding patterns in rats. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 611, 1990a491–494. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Burlet A, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CHyperphagia in obesity is associated with a central peptidergic dysregulation in rats. J. Nutr. 120, 1990b806–811. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Burlet A, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CHypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in obese Zucker rats: implications in feeding and sexual behaviors. Physiol. Behav. 47, 1990c449–453.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90107-F. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Burlet A, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CInfluence of diet composition on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat. Neuropeptides. 17, 1990d197–203.doi:10.1016/0143-4179(90)90036-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Burlet A, Chapleur-Chateau M, Leibowitz S.F& Burlet CRapid and localized alterations of neuropeptide Y in discrete hypothalamic nuclei with feeding status. Brain Res. 528, 1990e245–249.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91664-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Burlet A, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CUnexpected regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y by food deprivation and refeeding in the Zucker rat. Life Sci. 50, 1992a923–930.doi:10.1016/0024-3205(92)90169-P. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CChronic and continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y in Long–Evans rats mimics the feeding behaviour of obese Zucker rats. Int. J. Obes. 16, 1992b295–302. ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Burlet A, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CSpecific hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y variation with diet parameters in rats with food choice. Neuroreport. 3, 1992c571–574. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Burlet A, Bazin R, Nicolas J.P& Burlet C. 1993Elevated neuropeptide-Y in the arcuate nucleus of young obese Zucker rats may contribute to the development of their overeating. J. Nutr. 123, 1168–1172. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Burlet A, Max J.P, Musse N, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CMacronutrient type independently of energy intake modulates hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in Long–Evans rats. Brain Res. Bull. 34, 1994a85–91.doi:10.1016/0361-9230(94)90002-7. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Musse N, Nicolas J.P& Burlet CPutative neuropeptide Y antagonist failed to decrease overeating in obese Zucker rats. Neurosci. Lett. 181, 1994b126–128.doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90575-4. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Stricker-Krongrad A, Burlet A, Cumin F& Burlet CPlasma leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and galanin levels in Long–Evans rats with marked dietary preferences. Nutr. Neurosci. 4, 2001a39–50. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Richy S, Dimitrov T& Stricker-Krongrad AOpposite regulation of hypothalamic orexin and neuropeptide Y receptors and peptide expressions in obese Zucker rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286, 2001b518–523.doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5420. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Musse N& Stricker-Krongrad A. 2002Ghrelin, macronutrient intake and dietary preferences in Long–Evans rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 292, 1031–1035.doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6737. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Richy S& Stricker-Krongrad A. 2003Ghrelin and body weight regulation in the obese Zucker rat in relation to feeding state and dark/light cycle. Exp. Biol. Med. 228, 1124–1131. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Beck B, Max J.P, Richy S& Stricker-Krongrad A. 2004Feeding response to a potent prolactin-releasing peptide agonist in lean and obese Zucker rats. Brain Res. 1016, 135–138.doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.002. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Becker E.E& Grinker J.A. 1977Meal patterns in the genetically obese Zucker rat. Physiol. Behav. 18, 685–692.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(77)90067-1. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Benoit S.C, Clegg D.J, Woods S.C& Seeley R.J. 2005The role of previous exposure in the appetitive and consummatory effects of orexigenic neuropeptides. Peptides. 26, 751–757.doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.012. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Berelowitz M, Bruno J.F& White J.D. 1992Regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide expression by peripheral metabolism. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 3, 127–133.doi:10.1016/1043-2760(92)90101-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bergen H.T, Mizuno T.M, Taylor J& Mobbs C.V. 1998Hyperphagia and weight gain after gold-thioglucose: relation to hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and proopiomelanocortin. Endocrinology. 139, 4483–4488.doi:10.1210/en.139.11.4483. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bergen H.T, Mizuno T, Taylor J& Mobbs C.V. 1999Resistance to diet-induced obesity is associated with increased proopiomelanocortin mRNA and decreased neuropeptide Y mRNA in the hypothalamus. Brain Res. 851, 198–203.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02186-1. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bi S& Moran T.H. 2003Response to acute food deprivation in OLETF rats lacking CCK-A receptors. Physiol. Behav. 79, 655–661.doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00173-2. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bi S, Ladenheim E.E, Schwartz G.J& Moran T.H. 2001A role for NPY overexpression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus in hyperphagia and obesity of OLETF rats. Am. J. Physiol. 281, R254–R260. Google Scholar
Bi S, Robinson B.M& Moran T.H. 2003Acute food deprivation and chronic food restriction differentially affect hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression. Am. J. Physiol. 285, R1030–R1036. Google Scholar
Bi S, Scott K.A, Hyun J, Ladenheim E.E& Moran T.H. 2005Running wheel activity prevents hyperphagia and obesity in Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima fatty rats: role of hypothalamic signaling. Endocrinology. 146, 1676–1685.doi:10.1210/en.2004-1441. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Blomqvist A.G& Herzog H. 1997Y-receptor subtypes—how many more?. Trends Neurosci. 20, 294–298.doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(96)01057-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bodnar R.J. 2004Endogenous opioids and feeding behavior: a 30-year historical perspective. Peptides. 25, 697–725.doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2004.01.006. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Boudarine M, Yegorov O, Sterling-Dubrovsky A, Devi L& Berman Y. 2002Developmental changes in opioid peptides and their receptors in Cpe^fat/Cpe^fat mice lacking peptide processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303, 1317–1324.doi:10.1124/jpet.102.037663. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bouret S.G, Draper S.J& Simerly R.B. 2004Formation of projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to hypothalamic regions implicated in the neural control of feeding behavior in mice. J. Neurosci. 24, 2797–2805.doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5369-03.2004. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Brady L.S, Smith M.A, Gold P.W& Herkenham M. 1990Altered expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide messenger RNAs in food-restricted and food-deprived rats. Neuroendocrinology. 52, 441–447. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bray G.A. 1977The Zucker-fatty rat: a review. Fed. Proc. 36, 146–153. Google Scholar
Bray G.A, Teague R.J& Lee C.K. 1987Brain uptake of ketones in rats with differing susceptibility to dietary obesity. Metabolism. 36, 27–30.doi:10.1016/0026-0495(87)90058-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Brief D.J, Sipols A.J& Woods S.C. 1992Intraventricular neuropeptide Y injections stimulate food intake in lean, but not obese Zucker rats. Physiol. Behav. 51, 1105–1110.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(92)90294-C. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Buchberger P& Schmidt I. 1996Is the onset of obesity in suckling fa/fa rats linked to a potentially larger milk intake?. Am. J. Physiol. 40, R472–R476. Google Scholar
Bugarith K, Dinh T.T, Li A.J, Speth R.C& Ritter S. 2005Basomedial hypothalamic injections of neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin selectively disrupt hypothalamic controls of food intake. Endocrinology. 146, 1179–1191.doi:10.1210/en.2004-1166. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Bullen J.W, Ziotopoulou M, Ungsunan L, Misra J, Alevizos I, Kokkotou E, MaratosFlier E, Stephanopoulos G& Mantzoros C.S. 2004Short-term resistance to diet-induced obesity in A/J mice is not associated with regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides. Am. J. Physiol. 287, E662–E670. Google Scholar
Burkhoff A.M, Linemeyer D.L& Salon J.A. 1998Distribution of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor gene and its absence in rat. Mol. Brain Res. 53, 311–316.doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00302-1. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Burlet A, Grouzmann E, Musse N, Fernette B, Nicolas J.P& Burlet C. 1995The immunological impairment of arcuate neuropeptide Y neurons by ricin a chain produces persistent decrease of food intake and body weight. Neuroscience. 66, 151–159.doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)00573-N. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Cabrele C, Langer M, Bader R, Wieland H.A, Doods H.N, Zerbe O& BeckSickinger A.G. 2000The first selective agonist for the neuropeptide YY5 receptor increases food intake in rats. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 36 043–36 048.doi:10.1074/jbc.M000626200. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Calza L, Giardino L, Battistini N, Zanni M, Galetti S, Protopapa F& Velardo A. 1989Increase of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of fasting rats. Neurosci. Lett. 104, 99–104.doi:10.1016/0304-3940(89)90336-4. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Campbell R.E, FfrenchMullen J.M.H, Cowley M.A, Smith M.S& Grove K.L. 2001Hypothalamic circuitry of neuropeptide Y regulation of neuroendocrine function and food intake via the Y5 receptor subtype. Neuroendocrinology. 74, 106–119.doi:10.1159/000054676. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ceccatelli S, Cintra A, Hokfelt T, Fuxe K, Wikstrom A& Gustafsson J. 1989Coexistence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity with neuropeptides in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Exp. Brain Res. 78, 33–42.doi:10.1007/BF00230684. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Chang S, Graham B, Yakubu F, Lin D, Peters J.C& Hill J.O. 1990Metabolic differences between obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. Am. J. Physiol. 259, R1103–R1110. PubMed, Google Scholar
Chang G.Q, Karatayev O, Davydova Z, Wortley K& Leibowitz S.F. 2005Glucose injection reduces neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein expression in the arcuate nucleus: a possible physiological role in eating behavior. Mol. Brain Res. 135, 69–80.doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.12.017. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Chavez M, Seeley R.J, Havel P.J, Friedman M.I, Matson C.A, Woods S.C& Schwartz M.W. 1998Effect of a high-fat diet on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression in streptozotocin diabetes. J. Clin. Invest. 102, 340–346. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Chronwall B.M. 1985Anatomy and physiology of the neuroendocrine arcuate nucleus. Peptides. 6, Suppl. 2, 1–11.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(85)90128-7. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Chronwall B.M, Di Maggio D.A, Massari V.J, Pickel V.M, Ruggiero D.A& O'Donohue T.L. 1985The anatomy of neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience. 15, 1159–1181.doi:10.1016/0306-4522(85)90260-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Chua S.C, Leibel R.L& Hirsch JFood deprivation and age modulate neuropeptide gene expression in the murine hypothalamus and adrenal gland. Mol. Brain Res. 9, 1991a95–101.doi:10.1016/0169-328X(91)90134-J. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Chua S.C, Brown A.W, Kim J.H, Hennessey K.L, Leibel R.L& Hirsch JFood deprivation and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression—effects of strain background and the diabetes mutation. Mol. Brain Res. 11, 1991b291–299.doi:10.1016/0169-328X(91)90038-Y. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Chua S.C, Chung W.K, Wupeng X.S, Zhang Y.Y, Liu S.M, Tartaglia L& Leibel R.LPhenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science. 271, 1996a994–996. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Chua S.C, et al.Phenotype of fatty due to Gln269Pro mutation in the leptin receptor (lepr). Diabetes. 45, 1996b1141–1143. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Clark J.T, Kalra P.S, Crowley W.R& Kalra S.P. 1984Neuropeptide Y and human pancreatic polypeptide stimulate feeding behavior in rats. Endocrinology. 115, 427–429. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Cohen P, Zhao C, Cai X.L, Montez J.M, Rohani S.C, Feinstein P, Mombaerts P& Friedman J.M. 2001Selective deletion of leptin receptor in neurons leads to obesity. J. Clin. Invest. 108, 1113–1121.doi:10.1172/JCI200113914. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Coleman D.L& Eicher E.M. 1990Fat (fat) and tubby (tub): two autosomal recessive mutations causing obesity syndromes in the mouse. J. Hered. 81, 424–427. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Cone R.D. 2005Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 571–578.doi:10.1038/nn1455. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Corder R, Pralong F, Turnill D, Saudan P, Muller A& Gaillard R. 1988Dexamethasone treatment increases neuropeptide Y levels in rat hypothalamic neurones. Life Sci. 43, 1879–1886.doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(88)80005-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Corp E.S, Melville L.D, Greenberg D, Gibbs J& Smith G.P. 1990Effect of 4th ventricular neuropeptide-Y and peptide-YY on ingestive and other behaviors. Am. J. Physiol. 259, R317–R323. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Cowley M.A, et al.2003The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis. Neuron. 37, 649–661.doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00063-1. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Cox H.MThe role of NPY and related peptides in the control of gastrointestinal function. Biology of neuropeptide Y and related peptides, Colmers W.F& Wahlestedt C. 1993pp. 273–313. Eds. Totowa, NJ:Humana Press. Google Scholar
Craig W. 1918Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Biol. Bull. 34, 91–107. Crossref, Google Scholar
Csiffary A, Gorcs T& Palkovits M. 1990Neuropeptide Y innervation of ACTH-immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of rats: a correlated light and electron microscopic double immunolabeling study. Brain Res. 506, 215–222.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91253-D. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Currie P.J& Coscina D.V. 1995Dissociated feeding and hypothermic effects of neuropeptide Y in the paraventricular and perifornical hypothalamus. Peptides. 16, 599–604.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(95)00020-K. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dallman M.F, et al.1999Starvation: early signals, sensors, and sequelae. Endocrinology. 140, 4015–4023.doi:10.1210/en.140.9.4015. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dallman M.F, LaFleur S.E, Pecoraro N.C, Gomez F, Houshyar H& Akana S.F. 2004Minireview: glucocorticoids—food intake, abdominal obesity, and wealthy nations in 2004. Endocrinology. 145, 2633–2638.doi:10.1210/en.2004-0037. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Daniels A.J, Chance W.T, Grizzle M.K, Heyer D& Matthews J.E. 2001Food intake inhibition and reduction in body weight gain in rats treated with GI264879A, a non-selective NPY–Y1 receptor antagonist. Peptides. 22, 483–491.doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00358-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Daniels A.J, Grizzle M.K, Wiard R.P, Matthews J.E& Heyer D. 2002Food intake inhibition and reduction in body weight gain in lean and obese rodents treated with GW438014A, a potent and selective NPY–Y5 receptor antagonist. Regul. Pept. 106, 47–54.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00034-4. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Davies L& Marks J.L. 1994Role of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in body weight regulation. Am. J. Physiol. 266, R1687–R1691. PubMed, Google Scholar
Day D.E, Keen-Rhinehart E& Bartness T.J. 2005Role of NPY and its receptor subtypes in foraging, food hoarding, and food intake by Siberian hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 289, R29–R36. Google Scholar
DeJonghe B.C, Hajnal A& Covasa M. 2005Increased oral and decreased intestinal sensitivity to sucrose in obese, prediabetic CCK-A receptor-deficient OLETF rats. Am. J. Physiol. 288, R292–R300. Google Scholar
DellaZuana O, et al.2001Reduced food intake in response to CCP 71683A may be due to mechanisms other than NPYY5 receptor blockade. Int. J. Obes. 25, 84–94.doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801472. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Dhillon H, Ge Y.L, Minter R.M, Prima V, Moldawer L.L, Muzyczka N, Zolotukhin S, Kalra P.S& Kalra S.P. 2000Long-term differential modulation of genes encoding orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides by leptin delivered by rAAV vector in ob/ob mice—relationship with body weight change. Regul. Pept. 92, 97–105.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(00)00155-5. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Di Marzo V& Matias I. 2005Endocannabinoid control of food intake and energy balance. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 585–589.doi:10.1038/nn1457. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Drazen D.L, Wortman M.D, Seeley R.J& Woods S.C. 2005Neuropeptide Y prepares rats for scheduled feeding. Am. J. Physiol. 288, R1606–R1611. Google Scholar
Dryden S, Pickavance L, Frankish H.M& Williams G. 1995Increased neuropeptide Y secretion in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Brain Res. 690, 185–188.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00628-4. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dryden S, Pickavance L, Tidd D& Williams G. 1998The lack of specificity of neuropeptide Y (NPY) antisense oligodeoxynucleotides administered intracerebroventricularly in inhibiting food intake and NPY gene expression in the rat hypothalamus. J. Endocrinol. 157, 169–175.doi:10.1677/joe.0.1570169. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dryden S, King P, Pickavance L, Doyle P& Williams G. 1999Divergent effects of intracerebroventricular and peripheral leptin administration on feeding and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in lean and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Clin. Sci. 96, 307–312.doi:10.1042/CS19980226. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dube M.G, Sahu A, Kalra P.S& Kalra S.P. 1992Neuropeptide-Y release is elevated from the microdissected paraventricular nucleus of food-deprived rats—an in vitro study. Endocrinology. 131, 684–688.doi:10.1210/en.131.2.684. . PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dube M.G, Xu B, Crowley W.R, Kalra P.S& Kalra S.P. 1994Evidence that neuropeptide Y is a physiological signal for normal food intake. Brain Res. 646, 341–344.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90103-1. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dumont Y, Fournier A& Quirion R. 1998Expression and characterization of the neuropeptide Y Y-5 receptor subtype in the rat brain. J. Neurosci. 18, 5565–5574. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dumont Y, Moyse E, Fournier A& Quirion R. 2005Evidence for the existence of an additional class of neuropeptide Y receptor sites in the rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315, 99–108.doi:10.1124/jpet.105.089300. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Durkin M.M, Walker M.W, Smith K.E, Gustafson E.L, Gerald C& Branchek T.A. 2000Expression of a novel neuropeptide Y receptor subtype involved in food intake: an in situ hybridization study of Y5 mRNA distribution in rat brain. Exp. Neurol. 165, 90–100.doi:10.1006/exnr.2000.7446. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Elias C.F, et al.1998Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area. J. Comp. Neurol. 402, 442–459.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19981228)402:4<442::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-R. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Erickson J.C, Hollopeter G& Palmiter R.D. 1996Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Science. 274, 1704–1707.doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1704. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Everitt B.J, Hökfelt T, Terenius L, Tatemoto K, Mutt V& Goldstein M. 1984Differential coexistence of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity with catecholamines in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience. 11, 443–462.doi:10.1016/0306-4522(84)90036-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Farley C, Cook J.A, Spar B.D, Austin T.M& Kowalski T.J. 2003Meal pattern analysis of diet-induced obesity in susceptible and resistant rats. Obes. Res. 11, 845–851. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Farooqi I.S& O'Rahilly S. 2005Monogenic obesity in humans. Annu. Rev. Med. 56, 443–458.doi:10.1146/annurev.med.56.062904.144924. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Flood J.F& Morley J.E. 1991Increased food intake by neuropeptide Y is due to an increased motivation to eat. Peptides. 12, 1329–1332.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(91)90215-B. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Flynn M.C, Turrin N.P, PlataSalaman C.R& FfrenchMullen J.M.H. 1999Feeding response to neuropeptide Y-related compounds in rats treated with Y5 receptor antisense or sense phosphothio-oligodeoxynucleotide. Physiol. Behav. 66, 881–884.doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00031-1. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Frankish H.M, Mc Carthy H.D, Dryden S, Kilpatrick A& Williams G. 1993Neuropeptide-Y receptor numbers are reduced in the hypothalamus of streptozotocin-diabetic and food-deprived rats—further evidence of increased activity of hypothalamic NPY-containing pathways. Peptides. 14, 941–948.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(93)90070-W. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Frankish H.M, Dryden S, Hopkins D, Wang Q& Williams G. 1995Neuropeptide Y, the hypothalamus, and diabetes: insights into the central control of metabolism. Peptides. 16, 757–771.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(94)00200-P. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Fricker L.D& Leiter E.H. 1999Peptides, enzymes and obesity: new insights from a ‘dead’ enzyme. Trends Biochem. Sci. 24, 390–393.doi:10.1016/S0968-0004(99)01448-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Funahashi H, Yamada S, Kageyama H, Takenoya F, Guan J.L& Shioda S. 2003Co-existence of leptin- and orexin-receptors in feeding-regulating neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-a triple labeling study. Peptides. 24, 687–694.doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00130-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Gamber K.M, MacArthur H& Westfall T.C. 2005Cannabinoids augment the release of neuropeptide Y in the rat hypothalamus. Neuropharmacology. 49, 646–652. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Gao J, Ghibaudi L, vanHeek M& Hwa J.J. 2002Characterization of diet-induced obese rats that develop persistent obesity after 6 months of high-fat followed by 1 month of low-fat diet. Brain Res. 936, 87–90.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02)02493-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Gardiner J.V, Kong W.M, Ward H, Murphy K.G, Dhillo W.S& Bloom S.R. 2005AAV mediated expression of anti-sense neuropeptide Y cRNA in the arcuate nucleus of rats results in decreased weight gain and food intake. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 327, 1088–1093.doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.113. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Gerald C, et al.1996A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake. Nature. 382, 168–171.doi:10.1038/382168a0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ghibaudi L, Cook J, Farley C, vanHeek M& Hwa J.J. 2002Fat intake affects adiposity, comorbidity factors, and energy metabolism of Sprague–Dawley rats. Obes. Res. 10, 956–963. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Giraudo S.Q, Kotz C.M, Grace M.K, Levine A.S& Billington C.J. 1994Rat hypothalamic NPY mRNA and brown fat uncoupling protein mRNA after high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets. Am. J. Physiol. 266, R1578–R1583. PubMed, Google Scholar
Giraudo S.Q, Kim E.M, Grace M.K, Billington C.J& Levine A.S. 1998Effect of peripheral 2-DG on opioid and neuropeptide Y gene expression. Brain Res. 792, 136–140.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00197-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Glass M.J, Cleary J.P, Billington C.J& Levine A.S. 1997Role of carbohydrate type on diet selection in neuropeptide Y-stimulated rats. Am. J. Physiol. 42, R2040–R2045. Google Scholar
Glass M.J, Billington C.J& Levine A.S. 1999Opioids and food intake: distributed functional neural pathways?. Neuropeptides. 33, 360–368.doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0050. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Godbole V, York D.A& Bloxham D.P. 1978Developmental changes in the fatty (fa/fa) rat: evidence for defective thermogenesis preceding the hyperlipogenesis and hyperinsulinemia. Diabetologia. 15, 41–44.doi:10.1007/BF01219327. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Graham M, Shutter J.R, Sarmiento U, Sarosi I& Stark K.L. 1997Overexpression of Agrt leads to obesity in transgenic mice. Nat. Genet. 17, 273–274. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Guan X.M, Yu H& VanderPloeg L.H.T. 1998Evidence of altered hypothalamic pro-piomelanocortin/neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in tubby mice. Mol. Brain Res. 59, 273–279.doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00150-8. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Hahn T.M, Breininger J.F, Baskin D.G& Schwartz M.W. 1998Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 1, 271–272.doi:10.1038/1082. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hansen M.J, Jovanovska V& Morris M.J. 2004Adaptive responses in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in the face of prolonged high-fat feeding in the rat. J. Neurochem. 88, 909–916. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hanson E.S, Levin N& Dallman M.F. 1997Elevated corticosterone is not required for the rapid induction of neuropeptide Y gene expression by an overnight fast. Endocrinology. 138, 1041–1047.doi:10.1210/en.138.3.1041. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hardie L.J, Rayner D.V, Holmes S& Trayhurn P. 1996Circulating leptin levels are modulated by fasting, cold exposure and insulin administration in lean but not Zucker (fa/fa) rats as measured by ELISA. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 223, 660–665.doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.0951. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Harrold J.A& Williams G. 2003The cannabinoid system: a role in both the homeostatic and hedonic control of eating?. Br. J. Nutr. 90, 729–734.doi:10.1079/BJN2003942. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Harrold J.A, Elliott J.C, King P.J, Widdowson P.S& Williams G. 2002Down-regulation of cannabinoid-1 (CB-1) receptors in specific extrahypothalamic regions of rats with dietary obesity: a role for endogenous cannabinoids in driving appetite for palatable food?. Brain Res. 952, 232–238.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03245-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Haynes A.C, Arch J.R.S, Wilson S, McClue S& Buckingham R.E. 1998Characterisation of the neuropeptide Y receptor that mediates feeding in the rat: a role for the Y5 receptor?. Regul. Pept. 75–76, 355–361.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(98)00088-3. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
He B, White B.D, Edwards G.L& Martin R.J. 1998Neuropeptide Y antibody attenuates 2-deoxy-d-glucose induced feeding in rats. Brain Res. 781, 348–350.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01310-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Heilig M. 2004The NPY system in stress, anxiety and depression. Neuropeptides. 38, 213–224.doi:10.1016/j.npep.2004.05.002. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Henry M, Ghibaudi L, Gao J& Hwa J.J. 2005Energy metabolic profile of mice after chronic activation of central NPYY1, Y2, or Y5 receptors. Obes. Res. 13, 36–47. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Herzog HTransgenic and knockout models in NPY research. Neuropeptide Y and related peptides& Michel M.C. 2004pp. 447–478. Eds. Berlin, Germany:Springer. Google Scholar
Herzog H, Darby K, Ball H, Hort Y, BeckSickinger A& Shine J. 1997Overlapping gene structure of the human neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes Y1 and Y5 suggests coordinate transcriptional regulation. Genomics. 41, 315–319.doi:10.1006/geno.1997.4684. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hewson A.K& Dickson S.L. 2000Systemic administration of ghrelin induces Fos and Egr-1 proteins in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of fasted and fed rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 12, 1047–1049.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00584.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hiraoka J, et al.1997Augmentation of obese (ob) gene expression and leptin secretion in obese spontaneously hypertensive rats (obese SHR or Koletsky rats). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231, 582–585.doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6145. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hollopeter G, Erickson J.C& Palmiter R.D. 1998Role of neuropeptide Y in diet-, chemical- and genetic-induced obesity of mice. Int. J. Obes. 22, 506–512.doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800615. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Horvath T.L, Diano S& vandenPol A.N. 1999Synaptic interaction between hypocretin (orexin) and neuropeptide Y cells in the rodent and primate hypothalamus: a novel circuit implicated in metabolic and endocrine regulations. J. Neurosci. 19, 1072–1087. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Horvath T.L, Diano S, Sotonyi P, Heiman M& Tschop M. 2001Minireview: ghrelin and the regulation of energy balance—a hypothalamic perspective. Endocrinology. 142, 4163–4169.doi:10.1210/en.142.10.4163. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hu Y.H, et al.1996Identification of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor associated with feeding behavior. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26 315–26 319.doi:10.1074/jbc.271.42.26315. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Huang X.F, Han M& Storlien L.H. 2003The level of NPY receptor mRNA expression in diet-induced obese and resistant mice. Mol. Brain Res. 115, 21–28.doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(03)00174-8. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Hulsey M.G, Pless C.M, White B.D& Martin R.J. 1995ICV administration of anti-NPY antisense oligonucleotide: effects on feeding behavior, body weight, peptide content and peptide release. Regul. Pept. 59, 207–214.doi:10.1016/0167-0115(95)00110-W. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Hung C.C.C, et al.2004Studies of the peptide YY and neuropeptide Y2 receptor genes in relation to human obesity and obesity-related traits. Diabetes. 53, 2461–2466. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Huszar D, et al.1997Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell. 88, 131–141.doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81865-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hwa J.J, et al.1999Activation of the NPYY5 receptor regulates both feeding and energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. 277, R1428–R1434. PubMed, Google Scholar
Iida M, Murakami T, Ishida K, Mizuno A, Kuwajima M& Shima K. 1996Substitution at codon 269 (glutamine→proline) of the leptin receptor (OB-r) cDNA is the only mutation found in the Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rat. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 224, 597–604.doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1070. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Inui A. 1999Neuropeptide Y feeding receptors: are multiple subtypes involved?. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20, 43–46.doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01303-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ishihara A, Tanaka T, Kanatani A, Fukami T, Ihara M& Fukuroda T. 1998A potent neuropeptide Y antagonist, 1229U91, suppressed spontaneous food intake in Zucker fatty rats. Am. J. Physiol. 43, R1500–R1504. Google Scholar
Ishizaki K, Honma S, Katsuno Y, Abe H, Masubuchi S, Namihira M& Honma K. 2003Gene expression of neuropeptide Y in the nucleus of the solitary tract is activated in rats under restricted daily feeding but not under 48-h food deprivation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 17, 2097–2105.doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02672.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Israel Y, Kandov Y, Khaimova E, Kest A, Lewis S.R, Pasternak G.W, Pan Y.X, Rossi G.C& Bodnar R.J. 2005NPY-induced feeding: pharmacological characterization using selective opioid antagonists and antisense probes in rats. Peptides. 26, 1167–1175.doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.01.017. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Jang M.Y& Romsos D.R. 1998Neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations within specific hypothalamic regions of lean but not ob/ob mice respond to food-deprivation and refeeding. J. Nutr. 128, 2520–2525. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Jang I.S, et al.2003Role of dietary fat type in the development of adiposity from dietary obesity-susceptible Sprague–Dawley rats. Br. J. Nutr. 89, 429–437.doi:10.1079/BJN2002801. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Jewett D.C, Cleary J, Levine A.S, Schaal D.W& Thompson T. 1992Effects of neuropeptide-Y on food-reinforced behavior in satiated rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 42, 207–212.doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90517-J. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Jewett D.C, Cleary J, Levine A.S, Schaal D.W& Thompson T. 1995Effects of neuropeptide Y, insulin, a 2-deoxyglucose, and food deprivation on food motivated behavior. Psychopharmacology. 120, 267–271.doi:10.1007/BF02311173. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Jhanwar-Uniyal M& Chua S.C. 1993Critical effects of aging and nutritional state on hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y and galanin gene expression in lean and genetically obese Zucker rats. Mol. Brain Res. 19, 195–202.doi:10.1016/0169-328X(93)90026-L. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Beck B, Burlet C& Leibowitz S.F. 1990Diurnal rhythm of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei and other hypothalamic sites. Brain Res. 536, 331–334.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90045-D. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Beck B, Jhanwar Y.S, Burlet C& Leibowitz S.F. 1993Neuropeptide Y projection from arcuate nucleus to parvocellular division of paraventricular nucleus—specific relation to the ingestion of carbohydrate. Brain Res. 631, 97–106.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91192-U. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Jolicoeur F.B, Michaud J.N, Menard D& Fournier A. 1991In vivo structure activity study supports the existence of heterogeneous neuropeptide-Y receptors. Brain Res. Bull. 26, 309–311.doi:10.1016/0361-9230(91)90243-D. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Jolicoeur F.B, Bouali S.M, Fournier A& St Pierre S. 1995Mapping of hypothalamic sites involved in the effects of NPY on body temperature and food intake. Brain Res. Bull. 36, 125–129.doi:10.1016/0361-9230(94)00176-2. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kagotani Y, Hashimoto T, Tsuruo Y, Kawano H, Daikoku S& Chihara K. 1989Development of the neuronal system containing neuropeptide Y in the rat hypothalamus. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 7, 359–374.doi:10.1016/0736-5748(89)90057-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kahle E.B, Butz K.G, Chua S.C, Kershaw E.E, Leibel R.L, Fenger T.W, Hansen C.T& Michaelis O.E. 1997The rat corpulent (cp) mutation maps to the same interval on (Pgm1–Glut1) rat chromosome 5 as the fatty (fa) mutation. Obes. Res. 5, 142–145. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Kalra S.P& Kalra P.S. 2003Neuropeptide Y—a physiological orexigen modulated by the feedback action of ghrelin and leptin. Endocrine. 22, 49–55.doi:10.1385/ENDO:22:1:49. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalra S.P, Dube M.G, Fournier A& Kalra P.SStructure–function analysis of stimulation of food intake by neuropeptide-Y—effects of receptor agonists. Physiol. Behav. 50, 1991a5–9.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90490-F. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalra S.P, Dube M.G, Sahu A, Phelps C.P& Kalra P.SNeuropeptide-Y secretion increases in the paraventricular nucleus in association with increased appetite for food. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 88, 1991b10 931–10 935. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kalra, S. P., Dube, M. G., Finkelstein, J. & Sahu, A. 1994 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) release from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of genetically obese and lean Zucker rats. A-18 Second Independent SSIB Meeting, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. Google Scholar
Kalra S.P, Dube M.G, Pu S.Y, Xu B, Horvath T.L& Kalra P.S. 1999Interacting appetite-regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight. Endocr. Rev. 20, 68–100.doi:10.1210/er.20.1.68. . PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kamegai J, Tamura H, Shimizu T, Ishii S, Sugihara H& Wakabayashi I. 2001Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein mRNA levels and body weight in rats. Diabetes. 50, 2438–2443. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kanatani A, Ishihara A, Asahi S, Tanaka T, Ozaki S& Ihara M. 1996Potent neuropeptide YY1 receptor antagonist, 1229U91: blockade of neuropeptide Y-induced and physiological food intake. Endocrinology. 137, 3177–3182.doi:10.1210/en.137.8.3177. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kanatani A, et al.Role of the Y1 receptor in the regulation of neuropeptide Y-mediated feeding: comparison of wild-type, Y1 receptor-deficient, and Y5 receptor-deficient mice. Endocrinology. 141, 2000a1011–1016.doi:10.1210/en.141.3.1011. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kanatani A, et al.L-152,804: orally active and selective neuropeptide YY5 receptor antagonist. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 272, 2000b169–173.doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2696. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kanatani A, et al.2001A typical Y1 receptor regulates feeding behaviors: effects of a potent and selective Y1 antagonist, J-115814. Mol. Pharmacol. 59, 501–505. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kaplan M.L. 1979Consumption of O₂ and early detection of fa/fa genotype in rats. Metabolism. 28, 1147–1151.doi:10.1016/0026-0495(79)90154-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kask A, Pahkla R, Irs A, Rago L, Wikberg J.E.S& Schioth H.B. 1999Long-term administration of MC4 receptor antagonist HS014 causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats. Neuroreport. 10, 707–711. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kask A, Vasar E, Heidmets L.T, Allikmets L& Wikberg J.E.S. 2001Neuropeptide YY5 receptor antagonist CGP71683A: the effects on food intake and anxiety-related behavior in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 414, 215–224.doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(01)00768-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Keen-Rhinehart E, Kalra S.P& Kalra P.SNeuropeptidergic characterization of the leptin receptor mutated obese Koletsky rat. Regul. Pept. 119, 2004a3–10.doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2003.12.016. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Keen-Rhinehart E, Kalra S.P& Kalra P.SLeptin-receptor gene transfer into the arcuate nucleus of female fatty Zucker rats using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors stimulates the hypothalamo–pituitary–gonadal axis. Biol. Reprod. 71, 2004b266–272.doi:10.1095/biolreprod.103.025858. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kellendonk C, Eiden S, Kretz O, Schutz G, Schmidt I, Tronche F& Simon E. 2002Inactivation of the GR in the nervous system affects energy accumulation. Endocrinology. 143, 2333–2340.doi:10.1210/en.143.6.2333. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kelly J, Rothstein J& Grossman S. 1979GABA and hypothalamic feeding systems. I. Topographic analysis of the effects of microinjections of muscimol. Physiol. Behav. 23, 1123–1134.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(79)90306-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kerkerian L& Pelletier G. 1986Effects of monosodium l-glutamate administration on neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res. 369, 388–390.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90557-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kesterson R.A, Huszar D, Lynch C.A, Simerly R.B& Cone R.D. 1997Induction of neuropeptide Y gene expression in the dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus in two models of the Agouti obesity syndrome. Mol. Endocrinol. 11, 630–637.doi:10.1210/me.11.5.630. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Kim E.M, Welch C.C, Grace M.K, Billington C.J& Levine A.S. 1998Effects of palatability-induced hyperphagia and food restriction on mRNA levels of neuropeptide-Y in the arcuate nucleus. Brain Res. 806, 117–121.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00755-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
King P.J, Widdowson P.S, Doods H.N& Williams G. 1999Regulation of neuropeptide Y release by neuropeptide Y receptor ligands and calcium channel antagonists in hypothalamic slices. J. Neurochem. 73, 641–646.doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0730641.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
King P.J, Williams G, Doods H& Widdowson P.S. 2000Effect of a selective neuropeptide YY2 receptor antagonist, BIIE0246 on neuropeptide Y release. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 396, R1–R3.doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00230-2. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kishi T, Aschkenasi C.J, Choi B.J, Lopez M.E, Lee C.E, Liu H.Y, Hollenberg A.N, Friedman J.M& Elmquist J.K. 2005Neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor mRNA in rodent brain: distribution and colocalization with melanocortin-4 receptor. J. Comp. Neurol. 482, 217–243.doi:10.1002/cne.20432. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kleyn P.W, et al.1996Identification and characterization of the mouse obesity gene tubby: a member of a novel gene family. Cell. 85, 281–290.doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81104-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kobayashi M, Ohno T, Tsuchiya T& Horio F. 2004Characterization of diabetes-related traits in MSM and JF1 mice on high-fat diet. J. Nutr. Biochem. 15, 614–621.doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.05.001. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Koegler F.H, Schaffhauser A.O, Mynatt R.L, York D.A& Bray G.A. 1999Macronutrient diet intake of the lethal yellow agouti (A(Y)/a) mouse. Physiol. Behav. 67, 809–812.doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00104-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kojima M& Kangawa K. 2005Ghrelin: structure and function. Physiol. Rev. 85, 495–522.doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2004. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kopin A.S, Mathes W.F, McBride E.W, Nguyen M, AlHaider W, Schmitz F, BonnerWeir S, Kanarek R& Beinborn M. 1999The cholecystokinin-A receptor mediates inhibition of food intake yet is not essential for the maintenance of body weight. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 383–391. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Korner J, Savontaus E, Chua S.C, Leibel R.L& Wardlaw S.L. 2001Leptin regulation of Agrp and Npy mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 13, 959–966.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.2001.00716.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kowalski T.J, Ster A.M& Smith G.P. 1998Ontogeny of hyperphagia in the Zucker (fa/fa) rat. Am. J. Physiol. 44, R1106–R1109. Google Scholar
Kowalski T.J, Houpt T.A, Jahng J, Okada N, Liu S.M, Chua S.C& Smith G.P. 1999Neuropeptide Y overexpression in the preweanling Zucker (fa/fa) rat. Physiol. Behav. 67, 521–525.doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00095-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kozak R, Mercer J.G, Burlet A, Moar K.M, Burlet C& Beck B. 1998Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y content and mRNA expression in weanling rats subjected to dietary manipulations during fetal and neonatal life. Regul. Pept. 75–76, 397–402.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(98)00094-9. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Kozak R, Burlet A, Burlet C& Beck B. 2000Dietary composition during fetal and neonatal life affects neuropeptide Y functioning in adult offspring. Dev. Brain Res. 125, 75–82.doi:10.1016/S0165-3806(00)00120-6. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Kozak R, Richy S& Beck B. 2005Persistent alterations in neuropeptide Y release in the paraventricular nucleus of rats subjected to dietary manipulation during early life. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 2887–2892.doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04101.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Krief S& Bazin R. 1991Genetic obesity—is the defect in the sympathetic nervous system?—a review through developmental studies in the preobese Zucker rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 198, 528–538. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kuenzel W.J, Douglass L.W& Davison B.A. 1987Robust feeding following central administration of neuropeptide Y or peptide YY in chicks, Gallus domesticus. Peptides. 8, 823–828.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(87)90066-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
laFleur S.E, Ji H, Manalo S.L, Friedman M.I& Dallman M.F. 2003The hepatic vagus mediates fat-induced inhibition of diabetic hyperphagia. Diabetes. 52, 2321–2330. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lambert P.D, Wilding J.P.H, Turton M.D, Ghatei M.A& Bloom S.R. 1994Effect of food deprivation and streptozotocin-induced diabetes on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y release as measured by a radioimmunoassay-linked microdialysis procedure. Brain Res. 656, 135–140.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91374-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Larhammar D. 1996Evolution of neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Regul. Pept. 62, 1–11.doi:10.1016/0167-0115(95)00169-7. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Larhammar D& Salaneck E. 2004Molecular evolution of NPY receptor subtypes. Neuropeptides. 38, 141–151.doi:10.1016/j.npep.2004.06.002. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Larsen P.J, Jessop D.S, Chowdrey H.S, Lightman S.L& Mikkelsen J.D. 1994Chronic administration of glucocorticoids directly upregulates prepro-neuropeptide Y and Y-1-receptor mRNA levels in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6, 153–159. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lavau M& Bazin R. 1982Inguinal fat pad weight plotted versus body weight as a method of genotype identification in 16-day-old Zucker rats. J. Lipid Res. 23, 941–943. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lecklin A, Lundell I, Salmela S, Mannisto P.T, BeckSickinger A.G& Larhammar D. 2003Agonists for neuropeptide Y receptors Y-1 and Y-5 stimulate different phases of feeding in guinea pigs. Br. J. Pharmacol. 139, 1433–1440.doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705389. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Leibowitz S.F& Alexander J.T. 1991Analysis of neuropeptide Y-induced feeding—dissociation of Y1-receptor and Y2-receptor effects on natural meal patterns. Peptides. 12, 1251–1260.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(91)90203-2. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Leiter E.H, Kintner J, Flurkey K, Beamer W.G& Naggert J.K. 1999Physiologic and endocrinologic characterization of male sex-biased diabetes in C57BLKS/J mice congenic for the fat mutation at the carboxypeptidease E locus. Endocrine. 10, 57–66.doi:10.1385/ENDO:10:1:57. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
leRoux C.W& Bloom S.R. 2005Peptide YY, appetite and food intake. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 64, 213–216.doi:10.1079/PNS2005427. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Levin B.E. 1999Arcuate NPY neurons and energy homeostasis in diet-induced obese and resistant rats. Am. J. Physiol. 45, R382–R387. Google Scholar
Levin B.E. 2006Metabolic imprinting: critical impact of the perinatal environment on the regulation of energy homeostasis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361, doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1851. . Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Levin B.E& Dunn-Meynell A.A. 1997Dysregulation of arcuate nucleus preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in diet-induced obese rats. Am. J. Physiol. 41, R1365–R1370. Google Scholar
Levin B.E& Dunn-Meynell A.ADefense of body weight depends on dietary composition and palatability in rats with diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Physiol. 282, 2002aR46–R54. Google Scholar
Levin B.E& Dunn-Meynell A.AReduced central leptin sensitivity in rats with diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Physiol. 283, 2002bR941–R948. Google Scholar
Levin B.E& Dunn-Meynell A.AMaternal obesity alters adiposity and monoamine function in genetically predisposed offspring. Am. J. Physiol. 283, 2002cR1087–R1093. Google Scholar
Levin B.E& Dunn-Meynell A.A. 2004Chronic exercise lowers the defended body weight gain and adiposity in diet-induced obese rats. Am. J. Physiol. 286, R771–R778. Google Scholar
Levin B.E& Govek E. 1998Gestational obesity accentuates obesity in obesity-prone progeny. Am. J. Physiol. 44, R1374–R1379. Google Scholar
Levine A.S& Morley J.E. 1984Neuropeptide Y: a potent inducer of consummatory behavior in rats. Peptides. 5, 1025–1029.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(84)90165-7. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Levin B.E, Triscari J& Sullivan A.C. 1983Relationship between sympathetic activity and diet-induced obesity in two rat strains. Am. J. Physiol. 245, R364–R371. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Levin B.E, Finnegan M, Triscari J& Sullivan A.C. 1985Brown adipose and metabolic features of chronic diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Physiol. 248, R717–R723. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Levin B.E, Dunn-Meynell A.A, Balkan B& Keesey R.E. 1997Selective breeding for diet-induced obesity and resistance in Sprague–Dawley rats. Am. J. Physiol. 42, R725–R730. Google Scholar
Levin B.E, Govek E.K& Dunn-Meynell A.A. 1998Reduced glucose-induced neuronal activation in the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese rats. Brain Res. 808, 317–319.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00839-7. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Levin B.E, Dunn-Meynell A.A, McMinn J.E, Alperovich M, CunninghamBussel A& Chua S.C. 2003A new obesity-prone, glucose-intolerant rat strain (F.DIO). Am. J. Physiol. 285, R1184–R1191. Google Scholar
Levin B.E, Dunn-Meynell A.A& Banks W.A. 2004Obesity-prone rats have normal blood–brain barrier transport but defective central leptin signaling before obesity onset. Am. J. Physiol. 286, R143–R150. Google Scholar
Lewis D.E, Shellard L, Koeslag D.G, Boer D.E, McCarthy H.D, McKibbin P.E, Russell J.C& Williams G. 1993Intense exercise and food restriction cause similar hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y increases in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 264, E279–E284. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Li A.J& Ritter S. 2004Glucoprivation increases expression of neuropeptide Y mRNA in hindbrain neurons that innervate the hypothalamus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 2147–2154.doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03287.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lin X, Chavez M.R, Bruch R.C, Kilroy G.E, Simmons L.A, Lin L, Braymer H.D, Bray G.A& York D.A. 1998The effects of a high fat diet on leptin mRNA, serum leptin and the response to leptin are not altered in a rat strain susceptible to high fat diet-induced obesity. J. Nutr. 128, 1606–1613. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lin S, Thomas T.C, Storlien L.H& Huang X.FDevelopment of high fat diet-induced obesity and leptin resistance in C57BI/6J mice. Int. J. Obes. 24, 2000a639–646.doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801209. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Lin S, Storlien L.H& Huang X.FLeptin receptor, NPY, POMC mRNA expression in the diet-induced obese mouse brain. Brain Res. 875, 2000b89–95.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02580-4. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lopez M, Seoane L.M, Tovar S, Garcia M, Nogueiras R, Dieguez C& Senaris R.M. 2005A possible role of neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein and leptin receptor isoforms in hypothalamic programming by perinatal feeding in the rat. Diabetologia. 48, 140–148.doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1596-z. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lopez-Valpuesta F.J, Nyce J.W, Griffinbiggs T.A, Ice J.C& Myers R.D. 1996Antisense to NPY-Y1 demonstrates that Y1 receptors in the hypothalamus underlie NPY hypothermia and feeding in rats. Proc. R. Soc. B. 263, 881–886. Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Louis-Sylvestre J, Giachetti I& Le Magnen J. 1984Sensory versus dietary factors in cafeteria-induced overweight. Physiol. Behav. 32, 901–905.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(84)90275-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lynch W.C, Grace M, Billington C.J& Levine A.S. 1993Effects of Neuropeptide-Y on ingestion of flavored solutions in nondeprived rats. Physiol. Behav. 54, 877–880.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90295-Q. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Lynch W.C, Hart P& Babcock A.M. 1994Neuropeptide Y attenuates satiety—evidence from a detailed analysis of patterns ingestion. Brain Res. 636, 28–34.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90171-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Malabu U.H, Mc Carthy H.D, Mc Kibbin P.E& Williams G. 1992Peripheral insulin administration attenuates the increase in neuropeptide-Y concentrations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of fasted rats. Peptides. 13, 1097–1102.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(92)90013-S. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
MarinBivens C.L, Kalra S.P& Olster D.H. 1998Intraventricular injection of neuropeptide Y antisera curbs weight gain and feeding, and increases the display of sexual behaviors in obese Zucker female rats. Regul. Pept. 75–76, 327–334.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(98)00085-8. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Marks J.L, Li M, Schwartz M, Porte D& Baskin D.G. 1992Effect of fasting on regional levels of neuropeptide-Y messenger RNA and insulin receptors in the rat hypothalamus—an autoradiographic study. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 3, 199–205.doi:10.1016/1044-7431(92)90039-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Marks J.L, Waite K& Li M. 1993Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes-mellitus and insulin treatment on neuropeptide-Y messenger RNA in the rat hypothalamus. Diabetologia. 36, 497–502. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Marks J.L, Waite K, CameronSmith D, Blair S.C& Cooney G.J. 1996Effects of gold thioglucose on neuropeptide Y messenger RNA levels in the mouse hypothalamus. Am. J. Physiol. 39, R1208–R1214. Google Scholar
Marsh D.J, Hollopeter G, Kafer K.E& Palmiter R.D. 1998Role of the Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor in feeding and obesity. Nat. Med. 4, 718–721.doi:10.1038/nm0698-718. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Mashiko S, et al.2003Characterization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y5 receptor-mediated obesity in mice: chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of D-Trp(34)NPY. Endocrinology. 144, 1793–1801.doi:10.1210/en.2002-0119. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
McCarthy H.D, McKibbin P.E, Holloway B, Mayers R& Williams G. 1991Hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y receptor characteristics and NPY-induced feeding responses in lean and obese Zucker rats. Life Sci. 49, 1491–1497.doi:10.1016/0024-3205(91)90049-H. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
McKibbin P.E, Cotton S.J, McMillan S, Holloway B, Mayers R, McCarthy H.D& Williams G. 1991Altered neuropeptide-Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions of obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats—possible relationship to obesity and neuroendocrine disturbances. Diabetes. 40, 1423–1429. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
McKibbin P.E, McCarthy H.D, Shaw P& Williams G. 1992Insulin deficiency is a specific stimulus to hypothalamic Neuropeptide-Y—a comparison of the effects of insulin replacement and food restriction in streptozocin-diabetic rats. Peptides. 13, 721–727.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(92)90178-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
McLaughlin C.L, Tou J.S, Rogan G.J& Baile C.A. 1991Full amino acid sequence of centrally administered NPY required for maximal food intake response. Physiol. Behav. 49, 521–526.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90274-R. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
McMinn J.E, Seeley R.J, Wilkinson C.W, Havel P.J, Woods S.C& Schwartz M.W. 1998NPY-induced overfeeding suppresses hypothalamic NPY mRNA expression: potential roles of plasma insulin and leptin. Regul. Pept. 75–76, 425–431.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(98)00098-6. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
McShane T.M, Petersen S.L, McCrone S& Keisler D.H. 1993Influence of food restriction on neuropeptide-Y, proopiomelanocortin, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone gene expression in sheep hypothalami. Biol. Reprod. 49, 831–839.doi:10.1095/biolreprod49.4.831. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
McShane T.M, Wilson M.E& Wise P.M. 1999Effects of lifelong moderate caloric restriction on levels of neuropeptide Y, proopiomelanocortin, and galanin mRNA. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 54, B14–B21. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Menendez J.A, Mc Gregor I.A, Healey P.A, Atrens D.M& Leibowitz S.F. 1990Metabolic effects of neuropeptide Y injections into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res. 516, 8–14.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90890-N. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Mercer J.G, Hoggard N, Williams L.M, Lawrence C.B, Hannah L.T, Morgan P.J& Trayhurn PCoexpression of leptin receptor and preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in arcuate nucleus of mouse hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 8, 1996a733–735.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1996.05161.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Mercer J.G, Lawrence C.B& Atkinson TRegulation of galanin gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the obese Zucker rat by manipulation of dietary macronutrients. Mol. Brain Res. 43, 1996b202–208.doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(96)00174-X. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Mercer J.G, Moar K.M, Rayner D.V, Trayhurn P& Hoggard N. 1997Regulation of leptin receptor and NPY gene expression in hypothalamus of leptin-treated obese (ob/ob) and cold-exposed lean mice. FEBS Lett. 402, 185–188.doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01525-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Minami S, Kamegai J, Sugihara H, Suzuki N, Higuchi H& Wakabayashi I. 1995Central glucoprivation evoked by administration of 2-deoxy-d-glucose induces expression of the c-fos gene in a subpopulation of neuropeptide Y neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Mol. Brain Res. 33, 305–310.doi:10.1016/0169-328X(95)00151-H. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Miner J.L, Della-Fera M.A, Paterson J.A& Baile C.A. 1989Lateral cerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y stimulates feeding in the sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 257, R383–R387. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Miyasaka K, Kanai S, Ohta M, Kawanami T, Kono A& Funakoshi A. 1994Lack of satiety effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) in a new rat model not expressing the CCK-A receptor gene. Neurosci. Lett. 180, 143–146.doi:10.1016/0304-3940(94)90507-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moesgaard S.G, Ahren B, Carr R.D, Gram D.X, Brand C.L& Sundler F. 2004Effects of high-fat feeding and fasting on ghrelin expression in the mouse stomach. Regul. Pept. 120, 261–267.doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2004.03.018. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Moran T.H& Bi S. 2006Hyperphagia and obesity in OLETF rats lacking CCK₁ receptors. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361, 1159–1185.doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1857. . Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Moran T.H, Katz L.F, PlataSalaman C.R& Schwartz G.J. 1998Disordered food intake and obesity in rats lacking cholecystokinin A receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 43, R618–R625. Google Scholar
Moran T.H, Lee P, Ladenheim E.E& Schwartz G.J. 2002Responsivity to NPY and melanocortins in obese OLETF rats lacking CCK-A receptors. Physiol. Behav. 75, 397–402.doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00667-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Morgan D.G.A, Lambert P.D, Smith D.M, Wilding J.P.H& Bloom S.R. 1996Reduced NPY induced feeding in diabetic but not steroid-treated rats: lack of evidence for changes in receptor number or affinity. J. Neuroendocrinol. 8, 283–290.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1996.04565.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Morley J.E, Levine A.S, Gosnell B.A, Kneip J& Grace MEffect of neuropeptide Y on ingestive behaviors in the rat. Am. J. Physiol. 252, 1987aR599–R609. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Morley J.E, Hernandez E.N& Flood J.FNeuropeptide Y increases food intake in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 253, 1987bR516–R522. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Morris Y.A& Crews D. 1990The effects of exogenous neuropeptide-Y on feeding and sexual behavior in the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Brain Res. 530, 339–341.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91307-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Morris M.J& Pavia M.M. 2004Increased endogenous noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y release from the hypothalamus of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Brain Res. 1006, 100–106.doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.002. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Morton G.J, Niswender K.D, Rhodes C.J, Myers M.G, Blevins J.E, Baskin D.G& Schwartz M.W. 2003Arcuate nucleus-specific leptin receptor gene therapy attenuates the obesity phenotype of Koletsky (fa^k/fa^k) rats. Endocrinology. 144, 2016–2024.doi:10.1210/en.2002-0115. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moustaïd Moussa N& Claycombe K.J. 1999The yellow mouse obesity syndrome and mechanisms of Agouti-induced obesity. Obes. Res. 7, 506–514. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Mullins D, Kirby D, Hwa J, Guzzi M, Rivier J& Parker E. 2001Identification of potent and selective neuropeptide YY1 receptor agonists with orexigenic activity in vivo. Mol. Pharmacol. 60, 534–540. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Munzberg H, Flier J.S& Bjorbaek C. 2004Region-specific leptin resistance within the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology. 145, 4880–4889.doi:10.1210/en.2004-0726. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Muroya S, Yada T, Shioda S& Takigawa M. 1999Glucose-sensitive neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus contain neuropeptide Y. Neurosci. Lett. 264, 113–116.doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00185-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Nagamori K, Ishibashi M, Shiraishi T, Oomura Y& Sasaki K. 2003Effects of leptin on hypothalamic arcuate neurons in Wistar and Zucker rats: an in vitro study. Exp. Biol. Med. 228, 1162–1167. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K& Matsukura S. 2001A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature. 409, 194–198.doi:10.1038/35051587. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Naveilhan P, Neveu I, Arenas E& Ernfors P. 1998Complementary and overlapping expression of Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors in the developing and adult mouse nervous system. Neuroscience. 87, 289–302.doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00141-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Naveilhan P, et al.1999Normal feeding behavior, body weight and leptin response require the neuropeptide YY2 receptor. Nat. Med. 5, 1188–1193.doi:10.1038/13514. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Nillni E.A, Xie W.H, Mulcahy L, Sanchez V.C& Wetsel W.C. 2002Deficiencies in pro-thyrotropin-releasing hormone processing and abnormalities in thermoregulation in Cpe(fat/fat) mice. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 48 587–48 595.doi:10.1074/jbc.M206702200. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Nobentrauth K, Naggert J.K, North M.A& Nishina P.M. 1996A candidate gene for the mouse mutation tubby. Nature. 380, 534–538.doi:10.1038/380534a0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Oscai L.B, Brown M.M& Miller W.C. 1984Effect of dietary fat on food intake, growth and body composition in rats. Growth. 48, 415–424. PubMed, Google Scholar
O'Shea R.D& Gundlach A.L. 1991Preproneuropeptide-Y messenger ribonucleic acid in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the rat is increased by food deprivation or dehydration. J. Neuroendocrinol. 3, 11–14. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
O'Shea D, et al.1997Neuropeptide Y induced feeding in the rat is mediated by a novel receptor. Endocrinology. 138, 196–202.doi:10.1210/en.138.1.196. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Paez X.M, Nyce J.W& Myers R.D. 1991Differential feeding responses evoked in the rat by NPY and NPY1-27 injected intracerebroventricularly. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 38, 379–384.doi:10.1016/0091-3057(91)90295-D. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Park E.S, Yi S.J, Kim J.S, Lee H.S, Lee I.S, Seong J.K, Jin H.K& Yoon Y.S. 2004Changes in orexin-A and neuropeptide Y expression in the hypothalamus of the fasted and high-fat diet fed rats. J. Vet. Sci. 5, 295–302. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Parker R.M.C& Herzog H. 1999Regional distribution of Y-receptor subtype mRNAs in rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 1431–1448.doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00553.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Parker E.M, Balasubramaniam A, Guzzi M, Mullins D.E, Salisbury B.G, Sheriff S, Witten M.B& Hwa J.J. 2000[D-Trp(34)] neuropeptide Y is a potent and selective neuropeptide YY5 receptor agonist with dramatic effects on food intake. Peptides. 21, 393–399.doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(00)00156-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Parrott R.F, Heavens R.P& Baldwin B.A. 1986Stimulation of feeding in the satiated pig by intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y. Physiol. Behav. 36, 523–525.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(86)90325-2. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Pau M.Y.C, Pau K.Y.F& Spies H.G. 1988Characterization of central actions of neuropeptide Y on food and water intake in rabbits. Physiol. Behav. 44, 797–802.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90065-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Perusse L, Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon Y.C, Weisnagel S.J, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Snyder E.E& Bouchard C. 2005The human obesity gene map: the 2004 update. Obes. Res. 13, 381–490. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Pesonen U, Huupponen R, Rouru J& Koulu M. 1992Hypothalamic neuropeptide expression after food restriction in Zucker rats—evidence of persistent neuropeptide-Y gene activation. Mol. Brain Res. 16, 255–260.doi:10.1016/0169-328X(92)90233-2. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Petro A.E, Cotter J, Cooper D.A, Peters J.C, Surwit S.J& Surwit R.S. 2004Fat, carbohydrate, and calories in the development of diabetes and obesity in the C57BL/6J mouse. Metabolism. 53, 454–457.doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.11.018. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Phillips M.S, Liu Q.Y, Hammond H.A, Dugan V, Hey P.J, Caskey C.T& Hess J.F. 1996Leptin receptor missense mutation in the fatty Zucker rat. Nat. Genet. 13, 18–19.doi:10.1038/ng0596-18. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Plagemann A, Harder T, Rake A, Waas T, Melchior K, Ziska T, Rohde W& Dorner GObservations on the orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-system in neonatally overfed weanling rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11, 1999a541–546.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00357.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Plagemann A, Harder T, Melchior K, Rake A, Rohde W& Dorner GElevation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-neurons in adult offspring of diabetic mother rats. Neuroreport. 10, 1999b3211–3216. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Plagemann A, Waas T, Harder T, Rittel F, Ziska T& Rohde W. 2000Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y levels in weaning offspring of low-protein malnourished mother rats. Neuropeptides. 34, 1–6.doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0778. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Polidori C, Ciccocioppo R, Regoli D& Massi M. 2000Neuropeptide Y receptor(s) mediating feeding in the rat: characterization with antagonists. Peptides. 21, 29–35.doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00170-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ponsalle P, Srivastava L.S, Uht R.M& White J.D. 1992Glucocorticoids are required for food deprivation-induced increases in hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y expression. J. Neuroendocrinol. 4, 585–591. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Porte D, Baskin D.G& Schwartz M.W. 2002Leptin and insulin action in the central nervous system. Nutr. Rev. 60, S20–S29.doi:10.1301/002966402320634797. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Pralong F.P, Corder R& Gaillard R.C. 1993The effects of chronic glucocorticoid excess, adrenalectomy and stress on neuropeptide-Y in individual rat hypothalamic nuclei. Neuropeptides. 25, 223–231.doi:10.1016/0143-4179(93)90107-L. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Pronchuk N& Colmers W.F. 2004NPY presynaptic actions are reduced in the hypothalamic mpPVN of obese (fa/fa), but not lean, Zucker rats in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol. 141, 1032–1036.doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705699. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Qian H, Azain M.J, Hartzell D.L& Baile C.A. 1998Increased leptin resistance as rats grow to maturity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 219, 160–165. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Qian S, et al.2002Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22, 5027–5035.doi:10.1128/MCB.22.14.5027-5035.2002. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Raposinho P.D, Pierroz D.D, Broqua P, White R.B, Pedrazzini T& Aubert M.L. 2001Chronic administration of neuropeptide Y into the lateral ventricle of C57BL/6J male mice produces an obesity syndrome including hyperphagia, hyperleptinemia, insulin resistance, and hypogonadism. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 185, 195–204.doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(01)00620-7. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Redrobe J.P, Dumont Y, StPierre J.A& Quirion R. 1999Multiple receptors for neuropeptide Y in the hippocampus: putative roles in seizures and cognition. Brain Res. 848, 153–166.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02119-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ren D, Li M, Duan C& Rui L. 2005Identification of SH2-B as a key regulator of leptin sensitivity, energy balance, and body weight in mice. Cell Metab. 2, 95–104.doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.07.004. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Robinson S.W, Dinulescu D.M& Cone R.D. 2000Genetic models of obesity and energy balance in the mouse. Annu. Rev. Genet. 34, 687–745.doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.34.1.687. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Rothwell N& Stock M. 1979Regulation of energy balance in two models of reversible obesity in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 93, 1024–1034. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Rovere C, Viale A, Nahon J.L& Kitabgi P. 1996Impaired processing of brain proneurotensin and promelanin-concentrating hormone in obese fat/fat mice. Endocrinology. 137, 2954–2958.doi:10.1210/en.137.7.2954. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Rowland N.E. 1988Peripheral and central satiety factors in neuropeptide Y-induced feeding in rats. Peptides. 9, 989–992.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(88)90078-2. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sahu A. 2003Leptin signaling in the hypothalamus: emphasis on energy homeostasis and leptin resistance. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 24, 225–253.doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2003.10.001. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sahu A, Dube M.G, Kalra S.P& Kalra P.SBilateral neural transections at the level of mesencephalon increase food intake and reduce latency to onset of feeding in response to neuropeptide Y. Peptides. 9, 1988a1269–1273.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(88)90191-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sahu A, Kalra S.P, Crowley W.R& Kalra P.SEvidence that NPY-containing neurons in the brainstem project into selected hypothalamic nuclei: implication in feeding behavior. Brain Res. 457, 1988b376–378.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90710-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sahu A, Kalra P.S& Kalra S.PFood deprivation and ingestion induce reciprocal changes in neuropeptide Y concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus. Peptides. 9, 1988c83–86.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(88)90013-7. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sahu A, Sninsky C.A, Kalra P.S& Kalra S.P. 1990Neuropeptide-Y concentration in microdissected hypothalamic regions and in vitro release from the medial basal hypothalamus-preoptic area of streptozotocin-diabetic rats with and without insulin substitution therapy. Endocrinology. 126, 192–198. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sahu A, White J.D, Kalra P.S& Kalra S.P. 1992Hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y gene expression in rats on scheduled feeding regimen. Mol. Brain Res. 15, 15–18.doi:10.1016/0169-328X(92)90145-2. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Sahu A, Sninsky C.A& Kalra S.P. 1997Evidence that hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression and NPY levels in the paraventricular nucleus increase before the onset of hyperphagia in experimental diabetes. Brain Res. 755, 339–342.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00192-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sainsbury A, Cusin I, Doyle P, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F& Jeanrenaud B. 1996Intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y to normal rats increases obese gene expression in white adipose tissue. Diabetologia. 39, 353–356. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sainsbury A, Cusin I, RohnerJeanrenaud F& Jeanrenaud B. 1997Adrenalectomy prevents the obesity syndrome produced by chronic central neuropeptide Y infusion in normal rats. Diabetes. 46, 209–214. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Saladin R, Devos P, Guerre-Millo M, Leturque A, Girard J, Staels B& Auwerx J. 1995Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature. 377, 527–529.doi:10.1038/377527a0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sanacora G, Kershaw M, Finkelstein J.A& White J.D. 1990Increased hypothalamic content of preproneuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid in genetically obese Zucker rats and its regulation by food deprivation. Endocrinology. 127, 730–737. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sanacora G, Finkelstein J.A& White J.D. 1992Developmental aspects of differences in hypothalamic preproneuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid content in lean and genetically obese Zucker rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 4, 353–357. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Savontaus E, Conwell I.M& Wardlaw S.L. 2002Effects of adrenalectomy on AGRP, POMC, NPY and CART gene expression in the basal hypothalamus of fed and fasted rats. Brain Res. 958, 130–138.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03674-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sawchenko P.E, Swanson L.W, Grzanna R, Howe P.R.C, Bloom S.R& Polak J.M. 1985Colocalization of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in brainstem catecholaminergic neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 241, 138–153.doi:10.1002/cne.902410203. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Schaffhauser A.O, Stricker-Krongrad A, Brunner L, Cumin F, Gerald C, Whitebread S, Criscione L& Hofbauer K.G. 1997Inhibition of food intake by neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Diabetes. 46, 1792–1798. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Schaffhauser A.O, Whitebread S, Haener R, Hofbauer K.G& Stricker-Krongrad A. 1998Neuropeptide Y YI receptor antisense oligodeoxynucleotides enhance food intake in energy-deprived rats. Regul. Pept. 75–76, 417–423.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(98)00097-4. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Schaffhauser A.O, Madiehe A.M, Braymer H.D, Bray G.A& York D.A. 2002Effects of a high-fat diet and strain on hypothalamic gene expression in rats. Obes. Res. 10, 1188–1196. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Schemmel R, Mickelsen O& Gill J.L. 1970Dietary obesity in rats: body weight and body fat accretion in seven strains of rats. J. Nutr. 100, 1041–1048. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Schwartz M.W, Marks J.L, Sipols A.J, Baskin D.G, Woods S.C, Kahn S.E& Porte D. 1991Central insulin administration reduces neuropeptide-Y messenger RNA expression in the arcuate nucleus of food-deprived lean (FA/FA) but not obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Endocrinology. 128, 2645–2647. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Schwartz M.W, et al.1992Inhibition of hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y gene expression by insulin. Endocrinology. 130, 3608–3616.doi:10.1210/en.130.6.3608. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Schwartz M.W, Sipols A.J, Grubin C.E& Baskin D.G. 1993Differential effect of fasting on hypothalamic expression of genes encoding neuropeptide-Y, galanin, and glutamic acid decarboxylase. Brain Res. Bull. 31, 361–367.doi:10.1016/0361-9230(93)90228-4. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Schwartz M.W, et al.1996Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes. 45, 531–535. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Schwartz G.J, Whitney A, Skoglund C, Castonguay T.W& Moran T.H. 1999Decreased responsiveness to dietary fat in Otsuka Long–Evans Tokushima fatty rats lacking CCK-A receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 277, R1144–R1151. PubMed, Google Scholar
Schwartz M.W, Woods S.C, Porte D, Seeley R.J& Baskin D.G. 2000Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature. 404, 661–671. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sclafani A. 1987Carbohydrate-induced hyperphagia and obesity in the rat: effects of saccharide type, form, and taste. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 11, 155–162.doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(87)80020-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Seeley R.J, Payne C.J& Woods S.C. 1995Neuropeptide Y fails to increase intraoral intake in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 37, R423–R427. Google Scholar
Seeley R.J, et al.1996Intraventricular leptin reduces food intake and body weight of lean rats but not obese Zucker rats. Horm. Metab. Res. 28, 664–668. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Seeley R.J, Drazen D.L& Clegg D.J. 2004The critical role of the melanocortin system in the control of energy balance. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 24, 133–149.doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132428. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sei M, Sei H& Shima K. 1999Spontaneous activity, sleep, and body temperature in rats lacking the CCK-A receptor. Physiol. Behav. 68, 25–29.doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00146-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sergeyev V, Broberger C, Gorbatyuk O& Hokfelt T. 2000Effect of 2-mercaptoacetate and 2-deoxy-d-glucose administration on the expression of NPY, AGRP, POMC, MCH and hypocretin/orexin in the rat hypothalamus. Neuroreport. 11, 117–121. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shen F.S, Aguilera G& Loh Y.P. 1999Altered biosynthesis and secretion of pro-opiomelanocortin in the intermediate and anterior pituitary of carboxpyeptidase E-deficient, Cpe(Fat)/Cpe(Fat) mice. Neuropeptides. 33, 276–280.doi:10.1054/npep.1999.0045. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shibasaki T, Oda T, Imaki T, Ling N& Demura H. 1993Injection of antineuropeptide-Y gamma-globulin into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus decreases food intake in rats. Brain Res. 601, 313–316.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91727-A. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shimbara T, Mondal M.S, Kawagoe T, Toshinai K, Koda S, Yamaguchi H, Date Y& Nakazato M. 2004Central administration of ghrelin preferentially enhances fat ingestion. Neurosci. Lett. 369, 75–79.doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.060. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shintani M, et al.2001Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway. Diabetes. 50, 227–232. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sindelar D.K, Mystkowski P, Marsh D.J, Palmiter R.D& Schwartz M.W. 2002Attenuation of diabetic hyperphagia in neuropeptide Y-deficient mice. Diabetes. 51, 778–783. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sindelar D.K, SteMarie L, Miura G.I, Palmiter R.D, McMinn J.E, Morton G.J& Schwartz M.W. 2004Neuropeptide Y is required for hyperphagic feeding in response to neuroglucopenia. Endocrinology. 145, 3363–3368.doi:10.1210/en.2003-1727. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sindelar D.K, Palmiter R.D, Woods S.C& Schwartz M.W. 2005Attenuated feeding responses to circadian and palatability cues in mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Peptides. 26, 2597–2602.doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.018. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Smith G.P& Epstein A.N. 1969Increased feeding in response to decreased glucose utilization in the rat and monkey. Am. J. Physiol. 217, 1083–1087. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Smith F.J, Campfield L.A, Moschera J.A, Bailon P.S& Burn P. 1998Brain administration of OB protein (leptin) inhibits neuropeptide-Y-induced feeding in ob/ob mice. Regul. Pept. 75–76, 433–439.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(98)00099-8. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Smith B.K, Andrews P.K& West D.B. 2000Macronutrient diet selection in thirteen mouse strains. Am. J. Physiol. 278, R797–R805. Google Scholar
Smoller J.W, Truett G.E, Hirsch J& Leibel R.L. 1993A molecular genetic method for genotyping fatty (fa/fa) rats. Am. J. Physiol. 264, R8–R11. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G& Leibowitz S.F. 1984Neuropeptide Y: stimulation of feeding and drinking by injection into the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci. 35, 2635–2642.doi:10.1016/0024-3205(84)90032-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G& Leibowitz S.F. 1985Neuropeptide Y injected in the paraventricular hypothalamus: a powerful stimulant of feeding behavior. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 82, 3940–3943. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G& Thomas W.J. 1993Feeding responses to perifornical hypothalamic injection of neuropeptide-Y in relation to circadian rhythms of eating behavior. Peptides. 14, 475–481.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(93)90135-4. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G, Chin A.S& Leibowitz S.FFeeding and drinking elicited by central injection of neuropeptide Y: evidence for a hypothalamic site(s) of action. Brain Res. Bull. 14, 1985a521–524.doi:10.1016/0361-9230(85)90100-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G, Daniel D.R, Chin A.S& Leibowitz S.FParaventricular nucleus injections of peptide YY and neuropeptide Y preferentially enhance carbohydrate ingestion. Peptides. 6, 1985b1205–1211.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(85)90452-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G, Anderson K.C, Grayson M.H& Leibowitz S.FRepeated hypothalamic stimulation with neuropeptide Y increases daily carbohydrate and fat intake and body weight gain in female rats. Physiol. Behav. 46, 1989a173–177.doi:10.1016/0031-9384(89)90251-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G, Lanthier D, Chin A.S& Leibowitz S.FSuppression of neuropeptide Y-elicited eating by adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy: reversal with corticosterone. Brain Res. 501, 1989b32–36.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(89)91023-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G, Magdalin W, Seirafi A, Nguyen M.M& Leibowitz S.F. 1992Evidence for neuropeptide Y mediation of eating produced by food deprivation and for a variant of the Y1-receptor mediating this peptide's effect. Peptides. 13, 581–587.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(92)90093-I. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stanley B.G, Magdalin W, Seirafi A, Thomas W.J& Leibowitz S.F. 1993The perifornical area—the major focus of (a) patchily distributed hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-sensitive feeding system(s). Brain Res. 604, 304–317.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90382-W. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Steinman J.L, Gunion M.W& Morley J.E. 1994Forebrain and hindbrain involvement of neuropeptide Y in ingestive behaviors of rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 47, 207–214.doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90001-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ster A.M, Kowalski T.J, Dube M.G, Kalra S.P& Smith G.P. 2003Decreased hypothalamic concentration of neuropeptide Y correlates with onset of hyperphagia fa/fa rats on postnatal day 12. Physiol. Behav. 78, 517–520.doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00079-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stricker-Krongrad A, Barbanel G, Beck B, Burlet A, Nicolas J.P& Burlet C. 1993K+-stimulated neuropeptide-Y release into the paraventricular nucleus and relation to feeding behavior in free-moving rats. Neuropeptides. 24, 307–312.doi:10.1016/0143-4179(93)90020-B. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stricker-Krongrad A, Max J.P, Musse N, Nicolas J.P, Burlet C& Beck B. 1994Increased threshold concentrations of neuropeptide Y for a stimulatory effect on food intake in obese Zucker rats—changes in the microstructure of the feeding behavior. Brain Res. 660, 162–166.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90851-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stricker-Krongrad A, Beck B& Burlet C. 1996Enhanced feeding response to neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-depleted rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 295, 27–34.doi:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00647-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stricker-Krongrad A, Kozak R, Burlet C, Nicolas J.P& Beck B. 1997Physiological regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y release in lean and obese rats. Am. J. Physiol. 42, R2112–R2116. Google Scholar
Stricker-Krongrad A, Cumin F, Burlet C& Beck B. 1998Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and plasma leptin after long-term high-fat feeding in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 254, 157–160.doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00678-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Stricker-Krongrad A, Richy S& Beck B. 2002Orexins/hypocretins in the ob/ob mouse: hypothalamic gene expression, peptide content and metabolic effects. Regul. Pept. 104, 11–20.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(01)00344-5. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Stubdal H, et al.2000Targeted deletion of the tub mouse obesity gene reveals that tubby is a loss-of-function mutation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20, 878–882.doi:10.1128/MCB.20.3.878-882.2000. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Surwit R.S, Feinglos M.N, Rodin J, Sutherland A, Petro A.E, Opara E.C, Kuhn C.M& Rebuffescrive M. 1995Differential effects of fat and sucrose on the development of obesity and diabetes in C57BL/6J and A/J mice. Metabolism. 44, 645–651.doi:10.1016/0026-0495(95)90123-X. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Surwit R.S, Petro A.E, Parekh P& Collins S. 1997Low plasma leptin in response to dietary fat in diabetes- and obesity-prone mice. Diabetes. 46, 1516–1520. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Surwit R.S, Wang S.Y, Petro A.E, Sanchis D, Raimbault S, Ricquier D& Collins S. 1998Diet-induced changes in uncoupling proteins in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant strains of mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 95, 4061–4065.doi:10.1073/pnas.95.7.4061. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tabb K, Szot P, White S.S, Liles L.C& Weinshenker D. 2004The ketogenic diet does not alter brain expression of orexigenic neuropeptides. Epilepsy Res. 62, 35–39.doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2004.08.002. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Takahashi N, Patel H.R, Qi Y, Dushay J& Ahima R.S. 2002Divergent effects of leptin in mice susceptible or resistant to obesity. Horm. Metab. Res. 34, 691–697.doi:10.1055/s-2002-38251. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Takaya K, Ogawa Y, Hiraoka J, Hosoda K, Yamori Y, Nakao K& Koletsky R.J. 1996Nonsense mutation of leptin receptor in the obese spontaneously hypertensive Koletsky rat. Nat. Genet. 14, 130–131.doi:10.1038/ng1096-130. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Takiguchi S, Takata Y, Takahashi N, Kataoka K, Hirashima T, Kawano K, Miyasaka K, Funakoshi A& Kono A. 1998A disrupted cholecystokinin A receptor gene induces diabetes in obese rats synergistically with ODB1 gene. Am. J. Physiol. 37, E265–E270. Google Scholar
Tang-Christensen M, Kristensen P, Stidsen C.E, Brand C.L& Larsen P.J. 1998Central administration of Y5 receptor antisense decreases spontaneous food intake and attenuates feeding in response to exogenous neuropeptide Y. J. Endocrinol. 159, 307–312.doi:10.1677/joe.0.1590307. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tartaglia L.A, et al.1995Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-r. Cell. 83, 1263–1271.doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90151-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tatemoto K, Carlquist M& Mutt V. 1982Neuropeptide Y—a novel brain peptide with structural similarities to peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide. Nature. 296, 659–660.doi:10.1038/296659a0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tempel D.L& Leibowitz S.F. 1990Diurnal variations in the feeding responses to norepinephrine, neuropeptide-Y and galanin in the PVN. Brain Res. Bull. 25, 821–825.doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90177-2. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tempel D.L& Leibowitz S.F. 1994Adrenal steroid receptors: interactions with brain neuropeptide systems in relation to nutrient intake and metabolism. J. Neuroendocrinol. 6, 479–501. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tempel D.L, Shor-Posner G, Dwyer D& Leibowitz S.F. 1989Nocturnal patterns of macronutrient intake in freely feeding and food-deprived rats. Am. J. Physiol. 256, R541–R548. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Thompson R.H, Canteras N.S& Swanson L.W. 1996Organization of projections from the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a PHA-l study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 376, 143–173.doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19961202)376:1<143::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Thorsell A& Heilig M. 2002Diverse functions of neuropeptide Y revealed using genetically modified animals. Neuropeptides. 36, 182–193.doi:10.1054/npep.2002.0897. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tkacs N.C& Levin B.E. 2004Obesity-prone rats have preexisting defects in their counterregulatory response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Am. J. Physiol. 287, R1110–R1115. Google Scholar
Tortoriello D.V, McMinn J& Chua S.C. 2004Dietary-induced obesity and hypothalamic infertility in female DBA/2J mice. Endocrinology. 145, 1238–1247.doi:10.1210/en.2003-1406. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tracy A.L, Jarrard L.E& Davidson T.L. 2001The hippocampus and motivation revisited: appetite and activity. Behav. Brain Res. 127, 13–23.doi:10.1016/S0166-4328(01)00364-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tritos N.A, Elmquist J.K, Mastaitis J.W, Flier J.S& MaratosFlier E. 1998Characterization of expression of hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides in obese hyperleptinemic brown adipose tissue-deficient (uncoupling protein–promoter-driven diphtheria toxin A) mice. Endocrinology. 139, 4634–4641.doi:10.1210/en.139.11.4634. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Truett G.E, Bahary N, Friedman J.M& Leibel R.L. 1991Rat obesity gene fatty (fa) maps to chromosome-5—evidence for homology with the mouse gene diabetes (db). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 88, 7806–7809. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tschop M, et al.2004Does gut hormone PYY3-36 decrease food intake in rodents?. Nature. 430, U1–U3. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Tsujii S& Bray G.A. 1991GABA-related feeding control in genetically obese rats. Brain Res. 540, 48–54.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)90491-D. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Turnbull A.V, et al.2002Selective antagonism of the NPYY5 receptor does not have a major effect on feeding in rats. Diabetes. 51, 2441–2449. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Velkoska E, Cole T.J& Morris M.J. 2005Early dietary intervention: long-term effects on blood pressure, brain neuropeptide Y, and adiposity markers. Am. J. Physiol. 288, E1236–E1243. Google Scholar
Walker H.C& Romsos D.R. 1993Similar effects of NPY on energy metabolism and on plasma insulin in adrenalectomized ob/ob and lean mice. Am. J. Physiol. 264, E226–E230. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Walker P, Grouzmann E, Burnier M& Waeber B. 1991The role of neuropeptide-Y in cardiovascular regulation. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 12, 111–115.doi:10.1016/0165-6147(91)90518-W. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Walter M.J, Scherrer J.F, Flood J.F& Morley J.E. 1994Effects of localized injections of neuropeptide Y antibody on motor activity and other behaviors. Peptides. 15, 607–613.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(94)90083-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wang J, Akabayashi A, Dourmashkin J, Yu H.J, Alexander J.T, Chae H.J& Leibowitz S.FNeuropeptide Y in relation to carbohydrate intake, corticosterone and dietary obesity. Brain Res. 802, 1998a75–88.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00551-4. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wang W.G, Cain B.M& Beinfeld M.CAdult carboxypeptidase E-deficient fat/fat mice have a near-total depletion of brain CCK 8 accompanied by a massive accumulation of glycine and arginine extended CCK—identification of CCK 8 Gly as the immediate precursor of CCK 8 in rodent brain. Endocrine. 9, 1998b329–332.doi:10.1385/ENDO:9:3:329. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wang J, Dourmashkin J.T, Yun R& Leibowitz S.F. 1999Rapid changes in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y produced by carbohydrate-rich meals that enhance corticosterone and glucose levels. Brain Res. 848, 124–136.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)02040-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wang H.Q, Storlien L.H& Huang X.F. 2002Effects of dietary fat types on body fatness, leptin, and ARC leptin receptor, NPY, and AgRP mRNA expression. Am. J. Physiol. 282, E1352–E1359. Google Scholar
Wang R, Liu X, Hentges S.T, Dunn-Meynell A.A, Levin B.E, Wang W& Routh V.H. 2004The regulation of glucose-excited neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus by glucose and feeding-relevant peptides. Diabetes. 53, 1959–1965. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Warwick Z.S& Schiffman S.S. 1992Role of dietary fat in calorie intake and weight gain. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 16, 585–596.doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80198-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Watanabe Y, Akabayashi A& McEwen B.S. 1995Adrenal steroid regulation of neuropeptide Y(NPY) mRNA: differences between dentate hilus and locus coeruleus and arcuate nucleus. Mol. Brain Res. 28, 135–140.doi:10.1016/0169-328X(94)00192-H. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Watanabe T.K, et al.2005Mutated G-protein-coupled receptor GPR10 is responsible for the hyperphagia/dyslipidaemia/obesity locus of Dmo1 in the OLETF rat. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 32, 355–366.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04196.x. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Watson P.M, Commins S.P, Beiler R.J, Hatcher H.C& Gettys T.W. 2000Differential regulation of leptin expression and function in A/J vs. C57BL/6J mice during diet-induced obesity. Am. J. Physiol. 279, E356–E365. Google Scholar
Welch C.C, Grace M.K, Billington C.J& Levine A.S. 1994Preference and diet type affect macronutrient selection after morphine, NPY, norepinephrine, and deprivation. Am. J. Physiol. 266, R426–R433. PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
West D.B, Boozer C.N, Moody D.L& Atkinson R.L. 1992Dietary obesity in 9 inbred mouse strains. Am. J. Physiol. 262, R1025–R1032. PubMed, Google Scholar
White J.D& Kershaw M. 1990Increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y expression following food deprivation. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 1, 41–48.doi:10.1016/1044-7431(90)90040-B. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
White J.D, Olchovsky D, Kershaw M& Berelowitz M. 1990Increased hypothalamic content of preproneuropeptide-Y messenger ribonucleic acid in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Endocrinology. 126, 765–772. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
White B.D, Dean R.G, Edwards G.L& Martin R.JType II corticosteroid receptor stimulation increases NPY gene expression in basomedial hypothalamus of rats. Am. J. Physiol. 266, 1994aR1523–R1529. PubMed, Google Scholar
White B.D, He B, Dean R.G& Martin R.JLow protein diets increase neuropeptide Y gene expression in the basomedial hypothalamus of rats. J. Nutr. 124, 1994b1152–1160. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Widdowson P.S. 1993Quantitative receptor autoradiography demonstrates a differential distribution of neuropeptide-Y Y-1 and Y-2 receptor subtypes in human and rat brain. Brain Res. 631, 27–38.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91182-R. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Widdowson P.S. 1997Regionally-selective down-regulation of NPY receptor subtypes in the obese Zucker rat. Relationship to the Y5 ‘feeding’ receptor. Brain Res. 758, 17–25.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00160-1. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Widdowson P.S, Upton R, Henderson L, Buckingham R, Wilson S& Williams GReciprocal regional changes in brain NPY receptor density during dietary restriction and dietary-induced obesity in the rat. Brain Res. 774, 1997a1–10.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)81680-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Widdowson P.S, Buckingham R& Williams GDistribution of [Leu(31),Pro(34)]NPY-sensitive, BIBP3226-insensitive [I-125]PYY(3-36) binding sites in rat brain: possible relationship to Y-5 NPY receptors. Brain Res. 778, 1997b242–250.doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(97)01102-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Widdowson P.S, Henderson L, Pickavance L, Buckingham R, Tadayyon M, Arch J.R.S& Williams G. 1999Hypothalamic NPY status during positive energy balance and the effects of the NPY antagonist, BW1229U91, on the consumption of highly palatable energy-rich diet. Peptides. 20, 367–372.doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00044-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wieland H.A, Engel W, Eberlein W, Rudolf K& Doods H.N. 1998Subtype selectivity of the novel nonpeptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO 3304 and its effect on feeding in rodents. Br. J. Pharmacol. 125, 549–555.doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702084. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wilding J.P.H, Gilbey S.G, Bailey C.J, Batt R.A, Williams G, Ghatei M.A& Bloom S.R. 1993Increased neuropeptide-Y messenger ribonucleic acid (messenger RNA) and decreased neurotensin messenger RNA in the hypothalamus of the obese (ob/ob) mouse. Endocrinology. 132, 1939–1944.doi:10.1210/en.132.5.1939. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wildman H.F, Chua S, Leibel R.L& Smith G.P. 2000Effects of leptin and cholecystokinin in rats with a null mutation of the leptin receptor Lepr(Fak). Am. J. Physiol. 278, R1518–R1523. Google Scholar
Willesen M.G, Kristensen P& Romer J. 1999Co-localization of growth hormone secretagogue receptor and NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 70, 306–316.doi:10.1159/000054491. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Williams G, Steel J.H, Cardoso H, Ghatei M.A, Lee Y.C, Gill J.S, Burrin J.M, Polak J.M& Bloom S.R. 1988Increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations in diabetic rat. Diabetes. 37, 763–772. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Williams G, Gill J.S, Lee Y.C, Cardoso H.M, Okpere B.E& Bloom S.R. 1989Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes. 38, 321–327. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Williams G, Cardoso H.M, Lee Y.C, Ball J.M, Ghatei M.A, Stock M.J& Bloom S.RHypothalamic regulatory peptides in obese and lean Zucker rats. Clin. Sci. 80, 1991a419–426. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Williams G, Cardoso H, Lee Y.C, Ghatei M.A, Flatt P.R, Bailey C.J& Bloom S.RReduced hypothalamic neurotensin concentrations in the genetically obese diabetic (ob/ob) mouse—possible relationship to obesity. Metabolism. 40, 1991b1112–1116.doi:10.1016/0026-0495(91)90139-N. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Williams G, Shellard L, Lewis D.E, McKibbin P.E, McCarthy H.D, Koeslag D.G& Russell J.C. 1992Hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y disturbances in the obese (cp/cp) JCR–LA corpulent rat. Peptides. 13, 537–540.doi:10.1016/0196-9781(92)90085-H. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Willie J.T, Chemelli R.M, Sinton C.M& Yanagisawa M. 2001To eat or to sleep? Orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 429–458.doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.429. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wilson B.D, Bagnol D, Kaelin C.B, Ollmann M.M, Gantz I, Watson S.J& Barsh G.S. 1999Physiological and anatomical circuitry between Agouti-related protein and leptin signaling. Endocrinology. 140, 2387–2397.doi:10.1210/en.140.5.2387. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wolak M.L, deJoseph M.R, Cator A.D, Mokashi A.S, Brownfield M.S& Urban J.H. 2003Comparative distribution of neuropeptide YY1 and Y5 receptors in the rat brain by using immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 464, 285–311.doi:10.1002/cne.10823. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Woods S.C& Seeley R.J. 2000Adiposity signals and the control of energy homeostasis. Nutrition. 16, 894–902.doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00454-8. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Woods S.C, Lutz T.A, Geary N& Langhans W. 2006Pancreatic signals controlling food intake—insulin, glucagon and amylin. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 361, 1219–1235.doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.1858. . Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Wu-Peng X.S, Chua S.C, Okada N, Liu S.M, Nicolson M& Leibel R.L. 1997Phenotype of the obese Koletsky (f) rat due to Tyr763Stop mutation in the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor (Lepr): evidence for deficient plasma-to-CSF transport of leptin in both the Zucker and Koletsky obese rat. Diabetes. 46, 513–518. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wyss P, Levens N& Stricker-Krongrad AStimulation of feeding in lean but not in obese Zucker rats by a selective neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor agonist. Neuroreport. 9, 1998a2675–2677. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Wyss P, Stricker-Krongrad A, Brunner L, Miller J, Crossthwaite A, Whitebread S& Criscione LThe pharmacology of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor-mediated feeding in rats characterizes better Y5 than Y1, but not Y2 or Y4 subtypes. Regul. Pept. 75–76, 1998b363–371.doi:10.1016/S0167-0115(98)00089-5. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Xin X.G& Huang X.F. 1998Down-regulated NPY receptor subtype-5 mRNA expression in genetically obese mouse brain. Neuroreport. 9, 737–741. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Xu B, Li B.H, Rowland N.E& Kalra S.P. 1995Neuropeptide Y injection into the fourth cerebroventricle stimulates c-fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus and other nuclei in the forebrain: effect of food consumption. Brain Res. 698, 227–231.doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00905-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Yamamoto Y, et al.1999Down regulation of the prepro-orexin gene expression in genetically obese mice. Mol. Brain Res. 65, 14–22.doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(98)00320-9. . Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Yamamoto Y, Ueta Y, Serino R, Nomura M, Shibuya I& Yamashita H. 2000Effects of food restriction on the hypothalamic prepro-orexin gene expression in genetically obese mice. Brain Res. Bull. 51, 515–521.doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00271-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Yokosuka M, Dube M.G, Kalra P.S& Kalra S.P. 2001The mPVN mediates blockade of NPY-induced feeding by a Y5 receptor antagonist: a c-FOS analysis. Peptides. 22, 507–514.doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00360-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Yoshihara T, Honma S& Honma K. 1996Effects of restricted daily feeding on neuropeptide Y release in the rat paraventricular nucleus. Am. J. Physiol. 33, E589–E595. Google Scholar
Zakrzewska K.E, Sainsbury A, Cusin I, Rouru J, Jeanrenaud B& RohnerJeanrenaud F. 1999Selective dependence of intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y-elicited effects on central glucocorticoids. Endocrinology. 140, 3183–3187.doi:10.1210/en.140.7.3183. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L& Friedman J.M. 1994Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 372, 425–432.doi:10.1038/372425a0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ziotopoulou M, Mantzoros C.S, Hileman S.M& Flier J.S. 2000Differential expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides in the early phase of diet-induced obesity in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 279, E838–E845. Google Scholar
Zukowska Z, Pons J, Lee E& Li L.J. 2003Neuropeptide Y: a new mediator linking sympathetic nerves, blood vessels and immune system?. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 81, 89–94.doi:10.1139/y03-006. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar

This Issue

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences cover image

29 July 2006

Volume 361Issue 1471

Discussion meeting Issue ‘Appetite’ organized by Graham J. Dockray and Gerard P. Smith

Article Information

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1855
PubMed:16874931
Published by:Royal Society
Print ISSN:0962-8436
Online ISSN:1471-2970

History:

Published online19/06/2006
Published in print29/07/2006

License:

Citations and impact

Keywords

Section

Neuropeptide Y in normal eating and in genetic and dietary-induced obesity

Abstract

References

This Issue