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Modulation of visual processing by attention and emotion: windows on causal interactions between human brain regions

Laboratory of Behavioural Neurology and Imaging of Cognition (LabNIC), Department of Neurosciences, University Medical Centre1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

[email protected]

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Jon Driver

UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon WC1E 6BT, UK

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Patrik Vuilleumier

Laboratory of Behavioural Neurology and Imaging of Cognition (LabNIC), Department of Neurosciences, University Medical Centre1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland

[email protected]

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Jon Driver

UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon WC1E 6BT, UK

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Published:29 March 2007https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2092

Abstract

Visual processing is not determined solely by retinal inputs. Attentional modulation can arise when the internal attentional state (current task) of the observer alters visual processing of the same stimuli. This can influence visual cortex, boosting neural responses to an attended stimulus. Emotional modulation can also arise, when affective properties (emotional significance) of stimuli, rather than their strictly visual properties, influence processing. This too can boost responses in visual cortex, as for fear-associated stimuli. Both attentional and emotional modulation of visual processing may reflect distant influences upon visual cortex, exerted by brain structures outside the visual system per se. Hence, these modulations may provide windows onto causal interactions between distant but interconnected brain regions. We review recent evidence, noting both similarities and differences between attentional and emotional modulation. Both can affect visual cortex, but can reflect influences from different regions, such as fronto-parietal circuits versus the amygdala. Recent work on this has developed new approaches for studying causal influences between human brain regions that may be useful in other cognitive domains. The new methods include application of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) measures in brain-damaged patients to study distant functional impacts of their focal lesions, and use of transcranial magnetic stimulation concurrently with fMRI or EEG in the normal brain. Cognitive neuroscience is now moving beyond considering the putative functions of particular brain regions, as if each operated in isolation, to consider, instead, how distinct brain regions (such as visual cortex, parietal or frontal regions, or amygdala) may mutually influence each other in a causal manner.

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences cover image

29 May 2007

Volume 362Issue 1481

Discussion Meeting Issue ‘Mental processes in the human brain’ organized by Jon Driver, Tim Shallice and Patrick Haggard

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DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2092
PubMed:17395574
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