Restricted access

Abstract

This paper reviews the basic aspects of auditory processing that play a role in the perception of speech. The frequency selectivity of the auditory system, as measured using masking experiments, is described and used to derive the internal representation of the spectrum (the excitation pattern) of speech sounds. The perception of timbre and distinctions in quality between vowels are related to both static and dynamic aspects of the spectra of sounds. The perception of pitch and its role in speech perception are described. Measures of the temporal resolution of the auditory system are described and a model of temporal resolution based on a sliding temporal integrator is outlined. The combined effects of frequency and temporal resolution can be modelled by calculation of the spectro-temporal excitation pattern, which gives good insight into the internal representation of speech sounds. For speech presented in quiet, the resolution of the auditory system in frequency and time usually markedly exceeds the resolution necessary for the identification or discrimination of speech sounds, which partly accounts for the robust nature of speech perception. However, for people with impaired hearing, speech perception is often much less robust.

References

Aibara R, Welsh J.T, Puria S& Goode R.L. 2001Human middle-ear sound transfer function and cochlear input impedance. Hear. Res. 152, 100–109.doi:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00240-9. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Alcántara J.I, Moore B.C.J& Vickers D.A. 2000The relative role of beats and combination tones in determining the shapes of masking patterns at 2 kHz: I. Normal-hearing listeners. Hear. Res. 148, 63–73.doi:10.1016/S0378-5955(00)00114-3. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
ANSIANSI S1.1-1994. American national standard acoustical terminology. 1994New York, NY:American National Standards Institute. Google Scholar
Bacon S.P& Viemeister N.F. 1985Temporal modulation transfer functions in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Audiology. 24, 117–134. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Brungart D.S, Simpson B.D, Darwin C.J, Arbogast T.L& Kidd G. 2005Across-ear interference from parametrically degraded synthetic speech signals in a dichotic cocktail-party listening task. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 292–304.doi:10.1121/1.1835509. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Buus S& Florentine MGap detection in normal and impaired listeners: the effect of level and frequency. Time resolution in auditory systems& Michelsen A. 1985pp. 159–179. Eds. New York, NY:Springer. Crossref, Google Scholar
Carrell T. 1993The effect of amplitude comodulation on extracting sentences from noise: evidence from a variety of contexts. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 2327doi:10.1121/1.406347. . Crossref, Google Scholar
Carrell T.D& Opie J.M. 1992The effect of amplitude comodulation on auditory object formation in sentence perception. Percept. Psychophys. 52, 437–445. Crossref, PubMed, Google Scholar
Darwin C.J. 2008Listening to speech in the presence of other sounds. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 363, 1011–1021.doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2156. . Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Dau T, Kollmeier B& Kohlrausch AModeling auditory processing of amplitude modulation I. Detection and masking with narrowband carriers. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 1997a2892–2905.doi:10.1121/1.420344. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Dau T, Kollmeier B& Kohlrausch AModeling auditory processing of amplitude modulation II. Spectral and temporal integration. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 102, 1997b2906–2919.doi:10.1121/1.420345. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Delgutte B. 1990Physiological mechanisms of psychophysical masking: observations from auditory-nerve fibers. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 791–809.doi:10.1121/1.398891. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Diehl R.L. 2008Acoustic and auditory phonetics: the adaptive design of speech sound systems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 363, 965–978.doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2153. . Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Drullman R, Festen J.M& Plomp REffect of reducing slow temporal modulations on speech reception. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1994a2670–2680.doi:10.1121/1.409836. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Drullman R, Festen J.M& Plomp REffect of temporal envelope smearing on speech reception. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1994b1053–1064.doi:10.1121/1.408467. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Eddins D.A, Hall J.W& Grose J.H. 1992Detection of temporal gaps as a function of frequency region and absolute noise bandwidth. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 1069–1077.doi:10.1121/1.402633. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Egan J.P& Hake H.W. 1950On the masking pattern of a simple auditory stimulus. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 22, 622–630.doi:10.1121/1.1906661. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Festen J.M. 1993Contributions of comodulation masking release and temporal resolution to the speech–reception threshold masked by an interfering voice. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94, 1295–1300.doi:10.1121/1.408156. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Fitzgibbons P.J. 1983Temporal gap detection in noise as a function of frequency, bandwidth and level. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 67–72.doi:10.1121/1.389619. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Flanagan J.L& Saslow M.G. 1958Pitch discrimination for synthetic vowels. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 30, 435–442.doi:10.1121/1.1909640. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Fletcher H. 1940Auditory patterns. Rev. Mod. Phys. 12, 47–65.doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.12.47. . Crossref, Google Scholar
Fourcin A.J& Abberton E. 1977Laryngograph studies of vocal-fold vibration. Phonetica. 34, 313–315. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Glasberg B.R& Moore B.C.J. 1990Derivation of auditory filter shapes from notched-noise data. Hear. Res. 47, 103–138.doi:10.1016/0378-5955(90)90170-T. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Glasberg B.R& Moore B.C.J. 2000Frequency selectivity as a function of level and frequency measured with uniformly exciting notched noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 2318–2328.doi:10.1121/1.1315291. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Glasberg B.R& Moore B.C.J. 2002A model of loudness applicable to time-varying sounds. J. Audio Eng. Soc. 50, 331–342. ISI, Google Scholar
Glasberg B.R, Moore B.C.J, Patterson R.D& Nimmo-Smith I. 1984Dynamic range and asymmetry of the auditory filter. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 76, 419–427.doi:10.1121/1.391584. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Gockel H, Carlyon R.P& Plack C.J. 2005Dominance region for pitch: effects of duration and dichotic presentation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 1326–1336.doi:10.1121/1.1853111. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Green D.M. 1973Temporal acuity as a function of frequency. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 373–379.doi:10.1121/1.1913587. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Green D.MProfile analysis. 1988Oxford, UK:Oxford University Press. Google Scholar
Grose J.H& Hall J.W. 1992Comodulation masking release for speech stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 1042–1050.doi:10.1121/1.402630. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hall J.W, Haggard M.P& Fernandes M.A. 1984Detection in noise by spectro-temporal pattern analysis. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 76, 50–56.doi:10.1121/1.391005. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hall J.W, Grose J.H& Mendoza LAcross-channel processes in masking. Hearing& Moore B.C.J. 1995pp. 243–266. Eds. San Diego, CA:Academic Press. Crossref, Google Scholar
Helmholtz H.L.FDie Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik. 1863Braunschweig, Germany:F. Vieweg. Google Scholar
Hermes D.J& van Gestel J.C. 1991The frequency scale of speech intonation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90, 97–102.doi:10.1121/1.402397. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Hoekstra A& Ritsma R.JPerceptive hearing loss and frequency selectivity. Psychophysics and physiology of hearing, Evans E.F& Wilson J.P. 1977pp. 263–271. Eds. London, UK:Academic. Google Scholar
Houtsma A.J.M& Smurzynski J. 1990Pitch identification and discrimination for complex tones with many harmonics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 304–310.doi:10.1121/1.399297. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Irino T& Patterson R.D. 2001A compressive gammachirp auditory filter for both physiological and psychophysical data. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 2008–2022.doi:10.1121/1.1367253. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Johnson-Davies D& Patterson R.D. 1979Psychophysical tuning curves: restricting the listening band to the signal region. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 765–770.doi:10.1121/1.382490. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Kay R.H& Mathews D.R. 1972On the existence in human auditory pathways of channels selectively tuned to the modulation present in frequency-modulated tones. J. Physiol. 225, 657–677. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Klatt D.H. 1973Discrimination of fundamental frequency contours in speech: implications for models of pitch perception. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 8–16.doi:10.1121/1.1913333. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kluender K.R, Coady J.A& Kiefte M. 2003Sensitivity to change in perception of speech. Speech Commun. 41, 59–69.doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00093-6. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kluk K& Moore B.C.J. 2004Factors affecting psychophysical tuning curves for normally hearing subjects. Hear. Res. 194, 118–134.doi:10.1016/j.heares.2004.04.012. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kohlrausch A, Fassel R& Dau T. 2000The influence of carrier level and frequency on modulation and beat-detection thresholds for sinusoidal carriers. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 723–734.doi:10.1121/1.429605. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Kortekaas R.W& Kohlrausch A. 1999Psychoacoustical evaluation of PSOLA II. Double-formant stimuli and the role of vocal perturbation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105, 522–535.doi:10.1121/1.424588. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Langner G& Schreiner C.E. 1988Periodicity coding in the inferior colliculus of the cat. I. Neuronal mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 60, 1799–1822. Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Leshowitz B. 1971Measurement of the two-click threshold. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 426–466. Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Licklider J.C& Pollack I. 1948Effects of differentiation, integration and infinite peak clipping upon the intelligibility of speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 20, 42–52.doi:10.1121/1.1906346. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Lopez-Poveda E.A& Meddis R. 2001A human nonlinear cochlear filterbank. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 3107–3118.doi:10.1121/1.1416197. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J. 1986Parallels between frequency selectivity measured psychophysically and in cochlear mechanics. Scand. Audiol. 25, Suppl., 139–152. Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J. 1992Across-channel processes in auditory masking. J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn (E). 13, 25–37. Crossref, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.JMasking in the human auditory system. Collected papers on digital audio bit-rate reduction, Gilchrist N& Grewin C. 1996pp. 9–19. Eds. New York, NY:Audio Engineering Society. Google Scholar
Moore B.C.JCochlear hearing loss. 1998London, UK:Whurr Publishers Ltd. Google Scholar
Moore B.C.JAn introduction to the psychology of hearing. 5th edn.2003aSan Diego, CA:Academic Press. Google Scholar
Moore B.C.JSpeech processing for the hearing-impaired: successes, failures, and implications for speech mechanisms. Speech Commun. 41, 2003b81–91.doi:10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00095-X. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.JTemporal integration and context effects in hearing. J. Phonet. 31, 2003c563–574.doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(03)00011-1. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Carlyon R.PPerception of pitch by people with cochlear hearing loss and by cochlear implant users. Pitch perception, Plack C.J, Oxenham A.J, Fay R.R& Popper A.N. 2005pp. 234–277. Eds. New York, NY:Springer. Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Glasberg B.RMasking patterns of synthetic vowels in simultaneous and forward masking. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1983a906–917.doi:10.1121/1.389015. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Glasberg B.RSuggested formulae for calculating auditory-filter bandwidths and excitation patterns. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 1983b750–753.doi:10.1121/1.389861. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Glasberg B.R. 1987Formulae describing frequency selectivity as a function of frequency and level and their use in calculating excitation patterns. Hear. Res. 28, 209–225.doi:10.1016/0378-5955(87)90050-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Glasberg B.REffects of the relative phase of the components on the pitch discrimination of complex tones by subjects with unilateral and bilateral cochlear impairments. Basic issues in hearing, Duifhuis H, Wit H& Horst J. 1988pp. 421–430. Eds. London, UK:Academic Press. Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Glasberg B.R. 1990Frequency discrimination of complex tones with overlapping and non-overlapping harmonics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2163–2177.doi:10.1121/1.399184. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Ohgushi K. 1993Audibility of partials in inharmonic complex tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 452–461.doi:10.1121/1.405625. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Peters R.W. 1992Pitch discrimination and phase sensitivity in young and elderly subjects and its relationship to frequency selectivity. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 2881–2893.doi:10.1121/1.402925. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J& Shailer M.J. 1992Modulation discrimination interference and auditory grouping. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 336, 339–346.doi:10.1098/rstb.1992.0067. . Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J, Glasberg B.R& Shailer M.J. 1984Frequency and intensity difference limens for harmonics within complex tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 75, 550–561.doi:10.1121/1.390527. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J, Glasberg B.R& Peters R.W. 1985Relative dominance of individual partials in determining the pitch of complex tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 1853–1860.doi:10.1121/1.391936. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J, Glasberg B.R, Plack C.J& Biswas A.K. 1988The shape of the ear's temporal window. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83, 1102–1116.doi:10.1121/1.396055. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J, Glasberg B.R, Gaunt T& Child T. 1991Across-channel masking of changes in modulation depth for amplitude-and frequency-modulated signals. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 43A, 327–347. Crossref, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J, Peters R.W& Glasberg B.R. 1993Detection of temporal gaps in sinusoids: effects of frequency and level. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 1563–1570.doi:10.1121/1.406815. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J, Alcántara J.I& Dau T. 1998Masking patterns for sinusoidal and narrowband noise maskers. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 1023–1038.doi:10.1121/1.423321. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Moore B.C.J, Glasberg B.R, Flanagan H.J& Adams J. 2006Frequency discrimination of complex tones; assessing the role of component resolvability and temporal fine structure. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 480–490.doi:10.1121/1.2139070. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
O'Loughlin B.J& Moore B.C.JImproving psychoacoustical tuning curves. Hear. Res. 5, 1981a343–346.doi:10.1016/0378-5955(81)90057-5. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
O'Loughlin B.J& Moore B.C.JOff-frequency listening: effects on psychoacoustical tuning curves obtained in simultaneous and forward masking. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 1981b1119–1125.doi:10.1121/1.385691. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Oxenham A.J& Moore B.C.J. 1994Modeling the additivity of nonsimultaneous masking. Hear. Res. 80, 105–118.doi:10.1016/0378-5955(94)90014-0. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Patterson R.D. 1976Auditory filter shapes derived with noise stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 640–654.doi:10.1121/1.380914. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Patterson R.D. 1987A pulse ribbon model of monaural phase perception. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 1560–1586.doi:10.1121/1.395146. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Patterson R.D& Moore B.C.JAuditory filters and excitation patterns as representations of frequency resolution. Frequency selectivity in hearing& Moore B.C.J. 1986pp. 123–177. Eds. London, UK:Academic. Google Scholar
Patterson R.D& Nimmo-Smith I. 1980Off-frequency listening and auditory filter asymmetry. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 229–245.doi:10.1121/1.383732. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Patterson R.D& Wightman F.L. 1976Residue pitch as a function of component spacing. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 1450–1459.doi:10.1121/1.381034. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Pierrehumbert J. 1979The perception of fundamental frequency declination. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 363–368.doi:10.1121/1.383670. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Plack C.J& Moore B.C.J. 1990Temporal window shape as a function of frequency and level. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2178–2187.doi:10.1121/1.399185. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Plomp RThe ear as a frequency analyzer. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1964a1628–1636.doi:10.1121/1.1919256. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Plomp RThe rate of decay of auditory sensation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 1964b277–282.doi:10.1121/1.1918946. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Plomp R. 1967Pitch of complex tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41, 1526–1533.doi:10.1121/1.1910515. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Plomp RTimbre as a multidimensional attribute of complex tones. Frequency analysis and periodicity detection in hearing, Plomp R& Smoorenburg G.F. 1970Leiden, The Netherlands:Sijthoff. Google Scholar
Plomp RAspects of tone sensation. 1976London, UK:Academic Press. Google Scholar
Plomp R& Steeneken H.J.M. 1969Effect of phase on the timbre of complex tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 409–421.doi:10.1121/1.1911705. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Pollack I. 1968Periodicity discrimination for auditory pulse trains. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 43, 1113–1119.doi:10.1121/1.1910946. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Remez R.E, Rubin P.E, Pisoni D.B& Carrell T.D. 1981Speech perception without traditional speech cues. Science. 212, 947–950.doi:10.1126/science.7233191. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ritsma R.J. 1967Frequencies dominant in the perception of the pitch of complex sounds. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 42, 191–198.doi:10.1121/1.1910550. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ronken D. 1970Monaural detection of a phase difference between clicks. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 47, 1091–1099.doi:10.1121/1.1912010. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Rosen S& Fourcin AFrequency selectivity and the perception of speech. Frequency selectivity in hearing& Moore B.C.J. 1986pp. 373–487. Eds. London, UK:Academic. Google Scholar
Rosen S, Baker R.J& Darling A. 1998Auditory filter nonlinearity at 2 kHz in normal hearing listeners. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 2539–2550.doi:10.1121/1.422775. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Ruggero M.A, Rich N.C, Recio A, Narayan S.S& Robles L. 1997Basilar-membrane responses to tones at the base of the chinchilla cochlea. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 2151–2163.doi:10.1121/1.418265. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Saberi K& Perrott D.R. 1999Cognitive restoration of reversed speech. Nature. 398, 760doi:10.1038/19652. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sachs M.B& Kiang N.Y.S. 1968Two-tone inhibition in auditory nerve fibers. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 43, 1120–1128.doi:10.1121/1.1910947. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Schouten, J. F. 1968 The perception of timbre. In Sixth Int. Conf. on Acoustics, vol. 1, Tokyo, GP-6-2. Google Scholar
Schouten J.FThe residue revisited. Frequency analysis and periodicity detection in hearing, Plomp R& Smoorenburg G.F. 1970pp. 41–54. Eds. Leiden, The Netherlands:Sijthoff. Google Scholar
Schreiner C.E& Urbas J.V. 1986Representation of amplitude modulation in the auditory cortex of the cat I. The anterior auditory field (AAF). Hear. Res. 21, 227–241.doi:10.1016/0378-5955(86)90221-2. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shackleton T.M& Carlyon R.P. 1994The role of resolved and unresolved harmonics in pitch perception and frequency modulation discrimination. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 3529–3540.doi:10.1121/1.409970. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shailer M.J& Moore B.C.J. 1983Gap detection as a function of frequency, bandwidth and level. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 467–473.doi:10.1121/1.389812. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shailer M.J& Moore B.C.J. 1987Gap detection and the auditory filter: phase effects using sinusoidal stimuli. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 1110–1117.doi:10.1121/1.394631. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shannon R.V, Zeng F.-G, Kamath V, Wygonski J& Ekelid M. 1995Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues. Science. 270, 303–304.doi:10.1126/science.270.5234.303. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Shaw E.A.G. 1974Transformation of sound pressure level from the free field to the eardrum in the horizontal plane. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 1848–1861.doi:10.1121/1.1903522. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Steeneken H.J.M& Houtgast T. 1980A physical method for measuring speech-transmission quality. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 318–326.doi:10.1121/1.384464. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Stone M.A& Moore B.C.J. 2004Side effects of fast-acting dynamic range compression that affect intelligibility in a competing speech task. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 2311–2323.doi:10.1121/1.1784447. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Summerfield A.Q& Assmann PAuditory enhancement in speech perception. The psychophysics of speech perception& Schouten M.E.H. 1987pp. 140–150. Eds. Dordrecht, The Netherlands:Martinus Nijhoff. Crossref, Google Scholar
Summerfield A.Q, Sidwell A.S& Nelson T. 1987Auditory enhancement of changes in spectral amplitude. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 700–708.doi:10.1121/1.394838. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Sumner C.J, Lopez-Poveda E.A, O'Mard L.P& Meddis R. 2002A revised model of the inner-hair cell and auditory-nerve complex. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 2178–2188.doi:10.1121/1.1453451. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
't Hart J. 1981Differential sensitivity to pitch distance, particularly in speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 69, 811–821.doi:10.1121/1.385592. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Verhey J.L, Dau T& Kollmeier B. 1999Within-channel cues in comodulation masking release (CMR): experiments and model predictions using a modulation-filterbank model. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 2733–2745.doi:10.1121/1.428101. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Viemeister N.F. 1979Temporal modulation transfer functions based on modulation thresholds. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 66, 1364–1380.doi:10.1121/1.383531. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Vogten L.L. 1978Low-level pure-tone masking: a comparison of “tuning curves” obtained with simultaneous and forward masking. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1520–1527.doi:10.1121/1.381846. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
von Bismarck G. 1974Sharpness as an attribute of the timbre of steady sounds. Acustica. 30, 159–172. Google Scholar
Watkins A.J. 1991Central, auditory mechanisms of perceptual compensation for spectral-envelope distortion. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 90, 2942–2955.doi:10.1121/1.401769. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Watkins A.J& Makin S.JEffects of spectral contrast on perceptual compensation for spectral-envelope distortion. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 1996a3749–3757.doi:10.1121/1.414981. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Watkins A.J& Makin S.JSome effects of filtered contexts on the perception of vowels and fricatives. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 1996b588–594.doi:10.1121/1.414515. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Yost W.A& Sheft S. 1989Across-critical-band processing of amplitude-modulated tones. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 848–857.doi:10.1121/1.397556. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Yost W.A, Sheft S& Opie J. 1989Modulation interference in detection and discrimination of amplitude modulation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 2138–2147.doi:10.1121/1.398474. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Young E.D. 2008Neural representation of spectral and temporal information in speech. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 363, 923–945.doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2151. . Link, ISI, Google Scholar
Yumoto E, Gould W.J& Baer T. 1982Harmonics-to-noise ratio as an index of the degree of hoarseness. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71, 1544–1549.doi:10.1121/1.387808. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Zhang X, Heinz M.G, Bruce I.C& Carney L.H. 2001A phenomenological model for the responses of auditory-nerve fibers: I. Nonlinear tuning with compression and suppression. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 648–670.doi:10.1121/1.1336503. . Crossref, PubMed, ISI, Google Scholar
Zwicker E. 1964‘Negative afterimage’ in hearing. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 2413–2415.doi:10.1121/1.1919373. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar
Zwicker E& Fastl HPsychoacoustics–facts and models. 2nd edn.1999Berlin, Germany:Springer. Google Scholar
Zwicker E& Terhardt E. 1980Analytical expressions for critical band rate and critical bandwidth as a function of frequency. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 68, 1523–1525.doi:10.1121/1.385079. . Crossref, ISI, Google Scholar

This Issue

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences cover image

12 March 2008

Volume 363Issue 1493

Theme Issue ‘The perception of speech: from sound to meaning’ compiled by Brian Moore, Lorraine Tyler and William Marslen-Wilson

Article Information

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2152
PubMed:17827102
Published by:Royal Society
Print ISSN:0962-8436
Online ISSN:1471-2970

History:

Published online07/09/2007
Published in print12/03/2008

License:

Citations and impact

Keywords

PDF Download

Section

Basic auditory processes involved in the analysis of speech sounds

Abstract

References

This Issue